Notice on printing and distributing the influenza diagnosis and treatment plan (revised version in 2018)

Guo Wei Ban Yi Han [2018] No.1019

All provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government and the Health and Health Committee of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (Health and Family Planning Commission) and the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine:

In order to further standardize and strengthen the clinical management of influenza, reduce the occurrence of severe influenza and reduce the mortality rate, combined with the recent research results at home and abroad and the previous experience of influenza diagnosis and treatment in China, the Influenza Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (2018 Edition) was adjusted and improved, and the Influenza Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (2018 Edition Revised Edition) was formed. Is issued to you, please local health administrative departments at all levels (including the competent department of traditional Chinese medicine) attach great importance to the medical treatment of influenza.

General Office of National Health and Wellness Commission

Office of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine

November 19, 2018

Influenza diagnosis and treatment plan

(2018 revision)

Influenza (hereinafter referred to as influenza) is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus, which breaks out and spreads all over the world.

The onset of influenza is acute, although most of them are self-limited, but some of them can develop into severe influenza due to complications such as pneumonia, and a few severe cases progress rapidly and may die due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and/or multiple organ failure. Severe influenza mainly occurs in high-risk groups such as the elderly, young children, pregnant women or those with chronic basic diseases, and can also occur in the general population.

The results of previous influenza surveillance in China show that China is about to enter the influenza epidemic season. In order to further standardize and strengthen the clinical management of influenza, reduce the occurrence of severe influenza and reduce the mortality rate, this diagnosis and treatment plan is formulated on the basis of the Influenza Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (2018 Edition), combined with recent research results at home and abroad and previous experience in influenza diagnosis and treatment in China.

I. Etiology

Influenza virus belongs to orthomyxoviridae and belongs to RNA virus. According to nuclear protein and matrix protein, it can be divided into four types: A, B, C and D.

At present, people are mainly infected with H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes of influenza A virus and Victoria and Yamagata strains of influenza B virus.

Influenza virus is sensitive to common disinfectants such as ethanol, iodophor and tincture of iodine. Sensitive to ultraviolet rays and heat, it can be inactivated at 56℃ for 30 minutes.

Second, epidemiology

(1) the source of infection. Influenza patients and recessive infected people are the main sources of influenza infection. It is contagious from the end of latent period to the acute period. Viruses generally detoxify in human respiratory secretions for 3-6 days, and children and patients with impaired immune function can detoxify for more than 1 week.

(2) means of transmission. Influenza is mainly spread by droplets such as sneezing and coughing, and is directly or indirectly infected by mucous membranes such as mouth, nose and eyes. Contact with items contaminated by viruses can also be infected through the above channels.

(3) Susceptible population. People are generally susceptible. Vaccination with influenza vaccine can effectively prevent influenza virus infection of corresponding subtypes.

(4) High-risk groups of severe cases. The following people infected with influenza virus are more likely to develop into severe cases, so they should be given great attention, treated with antiviral drugs as soon as possible, and tested for influenza virus nucleic acid and other necessary examinations.

1. Children under 5 years old (children under 2 years old are more likely to have serious complications);

2. Older people over 65 years old;

3. Those who are accompanied by the following diseases or conditions: chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases (except hypertension), nephropathy, liver diseases, hematological diseases, nervous system and neuromuscular diseases, metabolic and endocrine system diseases, and immunosuppression (including immunosuppression caused by immunosuppressants or HIV infection);

4. Obese people [body mass index (BMI) is greater than 30, BMI= weight (kg)/ height (m) 2];

5. Pregnant and perinatal women.

Third, the pathogenesis and pathology

(1) Pathogenesis. Influenza A and B viruses initiate infection by binding HA to the surface of respiratory epithelial cells containing sialic acid receptors. Influenza virus enters cells through endocytosis, and the virus genome is transcribed and replicated in the nucleus. A large number of new progeny virus particles were replicated, which spread through respiratory mucosa and infected other cells. After influenza virus infects human body, it can induce cytokine storm, lead to systemic inflammatory reaction, ARDS, shock and multiple organ failure, and children may have acute necrotizing encephalopathy.

(2) Pathological changes. Pathological changes are mainly manifested as cluster shedding of ciliated epithelial cells in respiratory tract, metaplasia of epithelial cells, congestion of mucosal cells in lamina propria, edema with monocyte infiltration and other pathological changes. Diffuse alveolar damage can occur in severe pneumonia. Diffuse congestion, edema and necrosis of brain tissue occur when encephalopathy is complicated. Acute necrotizing encephalopathy in children is characterized by symmetrical necrotizing lesions mainly in thalamus, and there is no obvious inflammatory reaction in the local area. Inflammatory reactions such as myocardial cell swelling, interstitial hemorrhage, lymphocyte infiltration and necrosis occur when heart damage is complicated.

Four, clinical manifestations and laboratory examination

The incubation period is usually 1-7 days, mostly 2-4 days.

(1) Clinical manifestations. The main symptoms are fever, headache, myalgia and general malaise. The body temperature can reach 39-40℃, and there may be chills and chills, accompanied by systemic symptoms such as sore muscles and joints, fatigue, loss of appetite, and often sore throat, dry cough, nasal congestion, runny nose and post-sternal discomfort. Facial flushing, conjunctival congestion.

Some of them are characterized by vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, which are common in children infected with influenza B.

Without complications, the course of the disease is self-limited. After 3-4 days of onset, the body temperature gradually subsides and the general symptoms get better, but it usually takes 1-2 weeks for cough and physical recovery.

(2) Complications. Pneumonia is the most common complication of influenza. Other complications include nervous system damage, heart damage, myositis, rhabdomyolysis syndrome and septic shock.

1. Pneumonia

Pneumonia complicated by influenza can be divided into primary influenza virus pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia or mixed pneumonia. The illness worsened 2-4 days after the onset of influenza, or worsened after the recovery of influenza, with high fever, severe cough, purulent sputum, dyspnea, moist rales in the lungs and signs of lung consolidation. The total number of white blood cells and neutrophils in peripheral blood increased significantly, mainly streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae.

2. Nervous system injury

Including encephalitis, meningitis, acute necrotizing encephalopathy, myelitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, etc.

3. Heart damage

Heart injury is not common, mainly myocarditis and pericarditis. It can be seen that creatine kinase is elevated and ECG is abnormal, and heart failure may occur in severe cases. In addition, the risk of hospitalization and death related to myocardial infarction and ischemic heart disease increased significantly after being infected with influenza virus.

4. Myositis and rhabdomyolysis

The main symptoms are myalgia, myasthenia, renal failure, increased serum creatine kinase and myoglobin, and acute kidney injury.

5. Septic shock

It is characterized by high fever, shock and multiple organ dysfunction.

(3) Laboratory inspection.

1. Peripheral blood routine: the total number of white blood cells is generally not high or low, and the lymphocyte count in severe cases is obviously reduced.

2. Blood biochemistry: hypokalemia occurred in some cases, and creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine increased in a few cases.

3. Etiology related examination:

(1) Detection of virus nucleic acid: Detect influenza virus nucleic acid in respiratory tract samples (throat swab, nose swab, nasopharyngeal or tracheal extract, sputum) by RT-PCR (preferably real-time RT-PCR). The specificity and sensitivity of virus nucleic acid detection are the best, and it can distinguish virus types and subtypes.

(2) Virus antigen detection (rapid diagnostic reagent detection): colloidal gold and immunofluorescence can be used for rapid antigen detection. Because the sensitivity of rapid antigen detection is lower than that of nucleic acid detection, the interpretation of the results of rapid antigen detection should be combined with the patient’s epidemic history and clinical symptoms.

(3) Serological detection: The dynamic detection of IgG antibody level in recovery period is 4 times or more than 4 times higher than that in acute period, which has retrospective diagnostic significance.

(4) Virus isolation and culture: influenza virus was isolated from respiratory tract samples. During the influenza epidemic season, patients with negative rapid antigen diagnosis and immunofluorescence detection of influenza-like cases are advised to isolate the virus.

(4) Imaging findings. Imaging examination of patients complicated with pneumonia showed patchy, ground glass shadow and multilobal exudative lesions in the lung; Those who progress rapidly can develop into diffuse exudative lesions or consolidation in both lungs, and pleural effusion can be seen in some cases.

In children complicated with pneumonia, the patchy shadows in the lungs appear earlier, with multiple and scattered distribution, which is easy to be inflated, and the imaging manifestations change rapidly. When the disease progresses, the lesions expand and fuse, and signs such as pneumothorax and mediastinal emphysema may appear.

V. Diagnosis

The diagnosis is mainly combined with epidemiological history, clinical manifestations and pathogenic examination.

(1) Clinically diagnosed cases. The above-mentioned clinical manifestations of influenza have epidemiological evidence or positive detection of influenza rapid antigen, and other diseases causing influenza-like symptoms are excluded.

(two) to determine the diagnosis of cases. Have the above-mentioned flu clinical manifestations, and have one or more of the following pathogen test results positive:

1. Influenza virus nucleic acid test is positive.

2. The isolation and culture of influenza virus were positive.

3. The level of influenza virus-specific IgG antibody in acute phase and recovery phase increased by 4 times or more.

Six, severe and critical cases

(a) one of the following circumstances is a severe case.

1. Persistent high fever > 3 days, accompanied by severe cough, expectoration of pus, blood sputum, or chest pain;

2. Rapid breathing, dyspnea and cyanosis of the lips;

3. Mental changes: unresponsiveness, lethargy, restlessness, convulsions, etc.

4. Severe vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration;

5. pneumonia;

6. The original underlying diseases are obviously aggravated.

(two) one of the following circumstances is a critical case.

1. Respiratory failure;

2. Acute necrotizing encephalopathy;

3. Septic shock;

4. Multiple organ dysfunction;

5. There are other serious clinical conditions that need to be monitored and treated.

Seven, differential diagnosis

(1) The common cold. The general symptoms of influenza are more serious than the common cold; Tracking the epidemiological history is helpful for identification; The influenza pathogen test of the common cold is negative, or the corresponding evidence of infection pathogen can be found.

(2) Other types of upper respiratory tract infections. Include acute pharyngitis, tonsillitis, rhinitis and sinusitis. Infection and symptoms are mainly confined to the corresponding parts. The local secretion was negative for influenza etiology.

(3) Other lower respiratory tract infections. Influenza with cough symptoms or complicated with tracheobronchitis should be differentiated from acute tracheobronchitis; Pneumonia should be differentiated from other pneumonia, including bacterial pneumonia, chlamydia pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, viral pneumonia, fungal pneumonia and tuberculosis. According to the clinical features, a preliminary judgment can be made, and the diagnosis can be made by pathogenic examination.

Eight, treatment

(1) Basic principles.

1. The clinically diagnosed cases and confirmed cases should be treated in isolation as soon as possible.

2 hospitalization standards (meet one or more of the following standards):

(1) women in the middle and late pregnancy and perinatal period.

(2) The basic diseases are obviously aggravated, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, chronic cardiac insufficiency, chronic renal insufficiency and liver cirrhosis.

(3) Meet the diagnostic criteria for severe or severe influenza.

(4) accompanied by organ dysfunction.

3. Non-hospitalized patients are isolated at home and keep the room ventilated. Get enough rest, drink plenty of water, and the diet should be easy to digest and nutritious. Closely observe the changes of the disease, especially children and elderly patients.

4. High-risk groups infected with influenza virus are prone to severe influenza. Early antiviral treatment can alleviate symptoms, reduce complications, shorten the course of disease and reduce mortality.

5. Avoid blind or improper use of antibacterial drugs. Use antibacterial drugs only when there are indications of bacterial infection.

6. Children should avoid aspirin or aspirin-containing drugs and other salicylic acid preparations.

(2) symptomatic treatment. People with high fever can carry out physical cooling or apply antipyretic drugs. Patients with severe cough and expectoration are given antitussive and expectorant drugs. According to the degree of hypoxia, oxygen therapy is carried out in an appropriate way.

(3) antiviral treatment.

1. Timing of anti-influenza virus treatment

Patients with severe or high-risk factors of severe influenza should be given anti-influenza virus treatment as soon as possible, without waiting for virus test results. Antiviral treatment within 48 hours of onset can reduce complications, mortality and hospitalization time. Severe patients with onset time over 48 h can still benefit from antiviral treatment.

Patients who are not severe and have no high risk factors for severe influenza may also consider antiviral treatment within 48 hours after the onset of the disease and after evaluating the risks and benefits.

2. Anti-influenza drugs

Neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) is effective for influenza A and B..

(1) oseltamivir (capsule/granule): The adult dose is 75mg each time, twice a day. Children aged 1 year and above should be given drugs according to their weight: those weighing less than 15Kg should be given 30mg twice a day; Those who weigh 15 ~ 23 kg are given 45mg twice a day; Those weighing 23 ~ 40kg were given 60mg twice a day; Those who weigh more than 40Kg are given 75mg twice a day. The course of treatment is 5 days, and the course of treatment for severe patients can be extended appropriately. Patients with renal insufficiency should adjust the dose according to renal function.

(2) Zanamivir: suitable for adults and adolescents over 7 years old, usage: twice a day with an interval of 12 hours; 10mg each time (inhaled twice). However, inhalants are not recommended for patients with severe illness or complications.

(3) Paramivir: the dosage for adults is 300-600 mg, 6mg/kg for newborns less than 30 days, 8mg/kg for infants 31-90 days, and 10mg/kg for children aged 91-17 years, once a day for 1-5 days, and the course of treatment for severe cases can be appropriately extended. At present, the clinical application data is limited, and the adverse reactions should be closely observed.

Ion channel M2 blockers amantadine and rimantadine are only effective for influenza A virus, but the current monitoring data show that influenza A virus is resistant to them, so it is not recommended to use them.

(4) Treatment of severe cases.

Treatment principle: actively treat the primary disease, prevent and treat complications, and provide effective organ function support.

1. In case of hypoxemia or respiratory failure, corresponding treatment measures should be given in time, including oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation.

2. Give corresponding anti-shock treatment when combined with shock.

3. When other organ functions are damaged, give corresponding support and treatment.

4. When secondary infection occurs, give corresponding anti-infection treatment.

(5) Chinese medicine treatment

1. Treatment scheme based on syndrome differentiation for mild symptoms.

(1) Wind-heat invasion.

Main symptoms: early onset, fever or no fever, red throat discomfort, mild cough with little phlegm, and no sweat.

Tongue pulse: red tongue, thin or greasy fur, floating pulse.

Treatment: dispelling wind and relieving exterior syndrome, clearing away heat and toxic materials.

Basic prescription: Yinqiao powder combined with Sangju drink.

Honeysuckle 15g forsythia 15g mulberry leaf 10g chrysanthemum 10g

Platycodon grandiflorum 10g burdock 15g bamboo leaves 6g reed rhizome 30g

Mint (bottom) 3g raw licorice 3g

Decocting method: decoct with water, 400 ml for each dose, 200 ml for each oral administration, twice a day; If necessary, you can take 2 doses a day, once every 6 hours, 200 ml each time.

Addition and subtraction: thick and greasy fur with 10g of Pogostemon and 10 g of Eupatorium odoratum;

10g almond and 10g roasted loquat leaves are added to cough;

6g of Coptidis Rhizoma and 3 g of Radix Aucklandiae are added for diarrhea;

9g of Brocade and 15g of Scrophularia are added for sore throat.

If you vomit, you can first take 6g of Rhizoma Coptidis and 10g of Folium Perillae with water.

Commonly used Chinese patent medicines: dispersing wind and relieving exterior syndrome, clearing away heat and toxic materials, such as Jinhua Qinggan Granule, Lianhua Qingwen Capsule (granule), Qingkailing Granule (capsule, soft capsule, tablet), dispersing wind and toxic materials, Yinqiao Jiedu Granule, Sangju Colds, etc.

Children can choose children’s anti-flu granules and children’s chiqiao Qingre granules.

(2) Heat toxin attacks the lungs.

Main symptoms: high fever, cough, sticky and uncomfortable phlegm, thirst, sore throat and red eyes.

Tongue pulse: red tongue, yellow or greasy fur, and slippery pulse.

Treatment: clearing away heat and toxic materials, dispersing lung and relieving cough.

Basic prescription: Maxing Shigan Decoction.

Roasted ephedra 5g almond 10g gypsum Fibrosum (fried first) 30g.

Anemarrhena rhizome 10g Fritillaria thunbergii 10g Platycodon grandiflorum 10g Scutellaria baicalensis 15g

Bupleurum chinense 15g raw licorice 10g

Decocting method: decoct with water, 400 ml for each dose, 200 ml for each oral administration, twice a day; If necessary, you can take 2 doses a day, once every 6 hours, 200 ml each time.

Addition and subtraction: 6 g of raw rhubarb (lower back) for constipation;

10g of Rhizoma Atractylodis and 10g of Cortex Magnolia Officinalis are added for thick and greasy fur;

15g of Artemisia annua and 10g of Cortex Moutan are added for continuous high fever.

Commonly used Chinese patent medicines: clearing away heat and toxic materials, dispersing lung and relieving cough, such as Lianhua Qingwen capsule (granule), Yinhuang preparation, Lianhua Qingre preparation, etc.

Children can choose Xiaoer Feire Kechuan Granule (oral liquid), Xiaoer Kechuanling Granule (oral liquid) and antelope horn powder.

2. Severe syndrome differentiation treatment scheme.

(1) Toxic heat blocks the lung.

Main symptoms: persistent high fever, severe cough, little or no phlegm, shortness of breath, head and body pain; Or accompanied by palpitations, irritability.

Tongue pulse: red tongue, thin yellow or greasy fur, and numerous pulse strings.

Treatment: detoxification and heat clearing, purging lung and activating collaterals.

Basic prescription: Xuanbai Chengqi Decoction.

Roasted Ephedra 6g Gypsum Fibrosum (fried first) 40g Almond 9gAnemarrhena 10g

Houttuynia cordata 15g Lepidium 10g Scutellaria baicalensis 10g Fritillaria thunbergii 10g

Raw rhubarb 6g Artemisia annua 15g Radix Paeoniae Rubra 10g Radix Glycyrrhizae 3g

Decocting method: decoct with water, 400 ml for each dose, 200 ml for each oral administration, twice a day; If necessary, you can take 2 doses a day, once every 6 hours, 200 ml each time. Can also be nasal feeding or colon drip.

Addition and subtraction: continuous high fever plus antelope horn powder 0.6g (separately) and Angong Niuhuang Pill 1;

Abdominal distension and constipation are added with 9g of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus and 6g of Sodium Sulfate (separately);

Ten grams of American ginseng and six grams of Schisandra chinensis are added to patients with dyspnea and sweating fatigue.

(2) Toxic heat invaginates, and the toxic heat invades.

Main symptoms: vague and indifferent knowledge, dark lips and claws, shallow breathing, pink blood, burning chest and abdomen, cold limbs, sweating and less urine.

Tongue pulse: red or dull tongue, heavy and thready pulse.

Treatment: Yiqi Gutuo, Qingre Jiedu.

Basic prescription: Shenfu decoction.

Sun-dried ginseng 15g processed aconite root (fried first) 10g coptis root 6g

Honeysuckle 20g raw rhubarb 6g Artemisia annua 15g

Cornus officinalis 15g Fructus Aurantii Immaturus 10g

Decocting method: decoct with water, 400 ml for each dose, 200 ml for each oral administration, twice a day; If necessary, you can take 2 doses a day, once every 6 hours, 200 ml each time. Can also be nasal feeding or colon drip.

3. Treatment scheme based on syndrome differentiation in recovery period.

Deficiency of both qi and yin, failure to restore healthy qi.

Main symptoms: fatigue, shortness of breath, cough, scanty phlegm and anorexia.

Tongue pulse: dark or reddish tongue, thin and greasy fur, thin pulse string.

Treatment: benefiting qi and nourishing yin.

Basic prescription: Shashen Maimendong Decoction.

Adenophora adenophora 15g Ophiopogon japonicus 15g Schisandra 10g Fritillaria thunbergii 10g

Almond 10g Artemisia annua 10g roasted loquat leaf 10g

Jiao Sanxian 10g each.

Decocting method: decoct with water, 400 ml for each dose, 200 ml for each oral administration, twice a day; If necessary, you can take 2 doses a day, once every 6 hours, 200 ml each time. Can also be nasal feeding or colon drip.

Note:

1. When pregnant women get sick, the treatment should refer to the adult plan, avoid using contraindications for pregnancy, treat the disease and prevent miscarriage simultaneously, and pay attention to the dosage, so as to stop the middle disease.

2. Children can refer to the adult treatment plan and adjust the dosage according to pediatric regulations. Chinese patent medicines without indications for children should not be used.

IX. Prevention

(1) Vaccination. Vaccination against influenza is the most effective means to prevent influenza, which can significantly reduce the risk of influenza and serious complications. It is recommended that people aged 60 and above, children aged 6 months to 5 years, pregnant women, family members and caregivers of children under 6 months, patients with chronic diseases and medical staff be vaccinated with influenza vaccine every year.

(2) drug prevention. Drug prevention can not replace vaccination, but can only be used as an emergency temporary preventive measure for high-risk groups of severe influenza who have not been vaccinated or have not gained immunity after vaccination. Oseltamivir, zanamivir, etc. can be used.

(3) General preventive measures. Maintaining good personal hygiene habits is an important means to prevent respiratory infectious diseases such as influenza. The main measures include: enhancing physical fitness and immunity; Wash your hands frequently; Keep the environment clean and ventilated; Minimize activities in crowded places and avoid contact with patients with respiratory infections; Maintain good respiratory hygiene habits, cover your mouth and nose with your upper arm or paper towel or towel when coughing or sneezing, wash your hands after coughing or sneezing, and try to avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth; If you have symptoms of respiratory infection, you should rest at home and seek medical treatment as soon as possible.

　 　 [XCAR car original]

　　　　In the last issue of "Engine Oil Lecture Hall (I)", the author explained to you what engine oil is, what is the meaning of engine oil label, and how to distinguish between true and false engine oil. Some friends may ask, saying that there are many doorways in this oil, so how should we choose? Don’t worry, we will continue to talk to you about engine oil in this issue of Engine Oil Lecture Hall (Part II).

　　　　The first part helps everyone to better understand the engine oil through simple introduction and parameter analysis. This article will mainly combine theoretical knowledge with practice to talk about how to choose engine oil. As the so-called "suit the remedy to the case", the reason why we change the oil is the same. If we want to choose the right medicine, we must first understand what the "symptom" is. Everyone knows that engine oil is engine lubricating oil, so its function is only as simple as lubrication? Below, the author will give you a brief introduction to the role of engine oil, which is also convenient for us to "prescribe the right medicine".

1. What is the function of engine oil?

　　　　Engine oil plays an important role in the engine. As long as the engine is running, the engine oil will not stop flowing, and in this flow, it will complete its mission. So what are the main functions of engine oil?

1, lubrication, reduce wear and tear

　　　　Lubricating oil, of course, the first task is lubrication. When the engine is running, high-speed friction will occur on the surfaces of various metal parts. The function of engine oil is to form an oil film between parts through flow, reduce friction resistance and reduce wear, thus prolonging the life of the engine.

2. Cleaning function

　　　　When the engine oil circulates in the engine, it can bring out the carbon deposit, oil stain, sludge and other dirty things produced by the engine, and finally settle in the oil pan to prevent the dirty things from re-entering the engine, thus achieving the cleaning function.

3. Protective effect

　　　　In addition to lubricating the engine, engine oil can also play a protective role through its own "oiliness". For example, engine oil adheres to the surface of metal parts for a long time, so that the metal parts are isolated from the air, which can play a role in rust prevention and oxidation resistance. In addition, the oil adheres to the gap between parts, and the oil film formed can make the parts better sealed and reduce the possibility of leakage.

4. Auxiliary cooling

　　　　With the continuous circulation and flow of the engine in high-speed operation, the engine oil can take out part of the heat in the engine and play an auxiliary cooling role.

5. Buffering effect

　　　　Engine oil can bear part of the impact load transmitted by the bearing, and at the same time, it can also play a certain buffering role for the mutual impact between components.

Second, how should I choose engine oil?

　　　　The above introduces some basic knowledge about engine oil, so what should we do in the process of actually selecting and buying engine oil? The following editor will give you a few tips and introduce how to choose the right engine oil in different categories.

1. The 4S shop told me that this engine oil is special. Is it true?

　　　　First of all, engine oil only has the similar industry standards such as SAE and API mentioned above. Because engine oil manufacturers don’t develop engine oil according to a certain model, there is no such thing as "special vehicle" or "original engine oil", and those products packaged as "original engine oil" are actually produced by engine oil manufacturers, even commercial engine oil. The reason for this phenomenon is just that automobile manufacturers pursue profits. Secondly, as long as you choose the engine oil that meets the vehicle’s use environment, it is appropriate. So don’t be superstitious about those "special engine oil" statements.

2. What kind of engine oil is used in winter?

　　　　Before the cold winter comes, if you happen to need to change the oil, it is recommended that you choose a type with good low temperature fluidity. For example, if you are in the cold northern region, it is recommended that you choose the product with the label of 0W, such as Jinjixing J700U(0W-40/0W-50). If you are in the south where winter is not cold, it is enough to choose products with the label of 5W and 10W. For example, Jinjixing series J500, J600 and J700 all have products with 5W-40 and 5W-30.

3. What kind of engine oil is used in summer?

　　　　Although the temperature is high in summer, it is still a drop in the bucket compared with the high temperature of about 100℃ in the engine, so the selection of engine oil in summer is not too affected by the environment. At present, the viscosity of synthetic engine oil is less affected by temperature, and the engine produced in recent years has newer technology and more precise components, so it doesn’t need too much oil viscosity. In most parts of China, you can only choose SAE 30 products. If your engine is old or worn, it is recommended that you choose SAE 40 products.

4. My car is turbocharged. What kind of engine oil should I use?

　　　　We know that the turbocharged engine with the same displacement is more powerful than the naturally aspirated engine, and its components are more prone to wear, which is beyond doubt. So what kind of oil does a turbocharged engine need? Turbocharged engines need oil with good wear resistance, high temperature resistance, high oil film strength and so on. It is suggested to choose all synthetic engine oil or semi-synthetic engine oil, because synthetic engine oil is the best choice for turbocharged vehicles because of its small temperature change and strong high temperature resistance, which can ensure the oil film strength.

5. synthetic engine oil is so good, is it suitable for all cars?

　　　　Theoretically, all cars can be used in synthetic engine oil. Synthetic engine oil is favored by many car owners because of its good wear resistance and stable stickiness, but are all cars suitable for all synthetic engine oil? The answer is no, for most cars, all synthetic engine oil is a good choice, but its thin oil film is not suitable for old cars with serious wear and tear, or economic models with insufficient engine processing accuracy, because the gap between engine parts of these two types of cars is usually large, and the thin oil film of full synthetic oil can not play a good role in lubrication, resulting in unnecessary wear, resulting in the situation that the anti-wear effect is not as good as that of mineral oil. Therefore, although "flour and rice" is delicious, it may not fill your stomach. Not all cars in synthetic engine oil are suitable.

　　Since the beginning of this year, the Finance Bureau of Chengde City, Hebei Province has focused on standardizing the procurement process management, making full use of standardized template methods, focusing on three aspects of work, and promoting the scientific, accurate, transparent and efficient development of government procurement in the city.　

　　The first is the standardization of the preparation of the procurement plan demand plan.On the basis of fully implementing the electronic filing of government procurement plans, Chengde Finance Bureau issued the Notice on Standardizing the Planning of Government Procurement Plans according to the relevant requirements of Hebei Provincial Department of Finance, which put forward detailed requirements on internal control management, capital requirements, demand review, policy implementation, contract management, performance acceptance, etc., and made a planning template, and the purchaser made multiple-choice questions or fill-in-the-blank questions one by one according to the actual project to improve the planning of procurement plans.　

　　The second is the standardization of filing materials for government procurement plans.In view of the different situations involved in the filing, review and approval of government procurement projects, Chengde Municipal Finance Bureau has separately compiled the One-time Notice of Government Procurement Plan Filing, the One-time Notice of Government Procurement Import Product Auditing and the One-time Notice of Government Procurement Plan Approval, so as to clarify the materials required for filing of procurement plans of various procurement projects. All procurement projects in Chengde have been upgraded from paper filing to electronic filing and then to one-time standardized electronic filing. The purchaser can complete the preparation and filing of procurement plan requirements within 1-2 working days after completing the investigation and review of procurement requirements, and the procurement efficiency is obviously improved.　

　　The third is to optimize the standardization of business environment policy implementation.In order to further compact the purchaser’s main responsibility, strictly implement the government procurement policy, strengthen the preparation of procurement documents, and determine the qualification conditions of suppliers according to laws and regulations, Chengde Finance Bureau began to implement the commitment system for optimizing the government procurement business environment policy on August 1 this year, and produced the Commitment for Optimizing the Government Procurement Business Environment Policy, which requires the purchaser to strictly implement it before carrying out procurement activities, and the main person in charge of the unit makes a commitment to ensure the full implementation of the policies for optimizing the business environment from the source.　

1905 movie network news In 2019, the most popular country man officially released the theme song "Nezha" MV, which was jointly sung by hip-hop singer GAI and Da Tiao. The theme song specially selected hip-hop style, which is in line with the high-burning Nezha spirit of "not accepting fate" in the film. Recently, in the first batch of advanced viewing activities held in Beijing, the film won the highest score of "five stars for all" and the super-high comment of "close to perfection". The film has both laughter and crying. There are more than 43 times of laughter at the scene, and the scenes related to father-son love make some viewers "cry two tissues". It can be seen that it makes sense that Ne Zha was selected as the first domestic animated film to land in IMAX cinema. The advance screening of the film was opened this weekend and officially released nationwide on July 26.

The strength gives voice to interpret "unwilling fate". So what if the new Nezha was born as a demon

The theme song "Nezha" shows the "teardrop subversion" of the new Nezha from many angles through the protagonist’s monologue: as a "rebel" deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, unlike the audience’s previous cognition, Nezha’s resistance has changed from "killing himself with tears" to "fighting with fate to the end" today, full of juvenile stubbornness. The MV revealed a high-burning bridge section, and Nezha’s head was tilted by the falling sky. Even so, it could give birth to three heads and six arms, and the audience shouted "burning"! This change in Nezha is, to some extent, a change in the beliefs of a generation.

In addition, the MV also shows the story behind Nezha’s "rebellion": Nezha, who looks fearless, tries his best to be recognized by the world. Nezha’s bitter experience captured many tears from the audience, much like every teenager who has experienced or is experiencing rebellion in reality.

At the same time, the unyielding temperament of hip-hop itself is also in line with the theme of "not accepting fate" in the film, just as the lyrics say, "Then let me put all my eggs in one basket and don’t want to spend my days in the dark." For the film itself, GAI was even more excited after watching the movie and said "I like it very much."　

Make with heart, get "full marks" from netizens, control details and create summer masterpieces.

Recently, the film held its first foreign screening in Beijing, which won the audience’s "super high score" real name Amway. One is funny. The movie Ne Zha has a lot of comedy elements, and the plot is full of jokes. According to statistics, the first batch of people laughed at the scene for about 43 times. Secondly, it’s easy to cry. In the film, some fragments about the affection between Li Jing and Nezha’s father and son made many audiences cry. Thirdly, the exquisite interpretation of the theme of "not accepting fate" made the film "ignite" the hearts of many live audiences "burning is not stupid, but cool is really cool", praising its completion, plot, picture, special effects and music, and bringing many "subversive surprises" to the audience.

The production of the film lasted more than three years, and the number of shots in the film was over 5,000. Finally, less than 2,000 shots were "selected" and presented on the big screen, with special effects shots accounting for 80%, in order to show the audience the most perfect "new" Nezha. The production of every shot in the film is excellent. For example, the two parts of Nezha’s "Fire Lotus" and Ao Bing’s "Water Column" revealed in this MV are groundbreaking in animation. It took nearly half a year only in the development stage, and in the formal production stage, the special effects artist repeatedly revised it day and night, which achieved the best effect now.

The film Ne Zha will land in the national cinema on July 26th.

Have you noticed that there has been a lot of good news from operators recently?

It is also a port number transfer network, and it is also vying to get on VoLTE.

One of them, Xiao Lei, has been waiting for a long time-the mobile phone number supports remote account cancellation.

This policy not only saves time but also saves money. (After all, the trip home can cover your phone bill for several years.)

Yes, you heard me right.

From January 1st this year, all three major operators can cancel their accounts in different places.

Xiaolei wants to praise Unicom most, and he went online to cancel his account early, so we don’t have to run the business hall again.

As for mobile telecommunications, it is a little more difficult.

Last week, Mobile began to pilot online account cancellation. But if you open China Mobile App, you probably can’t find the account cancellation entrance, because it is only limited to Shaanxi Mobile number for the time being.

Mobile number and telecom users in other areas can only go to the business hall to handle it.

(account cancellation entrance: China mobile App→ classification → life → online sales number)

Lei doesn’t know when it will be open to the whole country. Before that, mobile phone users should take a look at the preparations first …

Method for cancel number of mobile telecommunication in different places

Listen, to cancel the number in the business hall, you need:

I bring my ID card and service password and go to the designated business hall to handle it.

Not all business halls can do it.

Take Guangzhou, where Xiaolei is located, as an example. Only the business hall can close the account in different places.

(An authorized agency like this won’t do)

So before you go, be sure to call 10086/10000 to find out which business halls can do it.

But, you can’t just cancel it if you go.

Your mobile phone number cannot have the following conditions:

Arrears;
Have a contract;
It is bound with services such as family number and broadband.

Only one situation:

At the time of inquiry, Xiao Lei found a secret, and the method of canceling the account between Mobile GSM and M-Zone Shenzhouxing was actually different.

The customer service explained this to me:

You must go to the business hall to make an appointment to cancel your account. If you don’t pay for the next 90 days, you will automatically sell the number;
And Shenzhouxing and M-Zone will automatically cancel the number if the arrears exceed 90 days.

You don’t pay your phone bill for 90 days. How can there be such a big difference?

Under the coercion of Xiao Lei, the customer service told Xiao Lei:

Because GSM is prepaid, arrears will affect credit, so you have to make an appointment to cancel your account;
However, Shenzhouxing and M-Zone are post-paid, and how much is charged, even if the arrears are directly thrown away, it will not affect the credit.

In other words, Shenzhouxing and M-Zone don’t have to go to the business hall to close their accounts.

Fortunately, little ray asked, and saved you another thing?

In a word, Xiao Lei suggests that you call 10086/10000, where you belong, to find out your account cancellation conditions, so as not to make a trip in vain.

If there is a Shaanxi mobile phone friend who is reading this article, the account cancellation process on the mobile App is similar to that of China Unicom, and Xiao Lei said it together.

Unicom remote number cancellation method

Xiao Lei cancelled a Unicom number in January.

The entrance is easy to find:

"Mobile phone business hall App → service → handling → account cancellation"

First of all, we have to go through the triple verification of "SMS verification code+uploading ID photo+face recognition". The ID card must be taken now, and photos in the photo album cannot be used.

I can’t help it. I have to prevent others from maliciously canceling your number.

At this time, China Unicom will remind you that the phone bill should not be less than 50 yuan, otherwise it may not be possible to cancel the account ~ (Mobile can cancel online as long as it does not owe money at that time)

In order to close the account successfully, Xiao Lei gritted his teeth and charged the phone bill again.

Of course, the extra money will be refunded to you.

It is only by transferring to the balance of another Unicom number in the same province.

For example, the number of Xiaolei Guangdong Unicom cannot be transferred to Jiangsu Unicom.

Just when I crossed my heart and thought I was done, huh? ? ? Unknown error. What the hell? !

Ray suddenly felt struck by lightning.

No way, find customer service! When I opened Unicom official website and found that there were only two people waiting in line, Lei was secretly pleased.

The problem is that miss customer service can’t solve the problems that Xiaolei encountered, and finally she just gave a complaint feedback link …

Just when Xiaolei was disheartened, ready to give up and went directly to the offline business hall to cancel the account, he suddenly had a flash of light and thought of the key to the problem: Unicom’s mobile phone card number is divided into 4G and 2 G and 3 G.

Generally, 4G numbers belong to China Unicom’s national system CBSS, while many 2 and 3G numbers still belong to local provinces and cities BSS. The two card systems are not connected, so naturally they cannot be transferred.

And the number I want to transfer to is the 3G card!

Sure enough, Xiao Lei changed the number to a colleague’s 4G card, and it was a success.

Almost a month later, the balance was directly charged to the number I filled in.

In addition, Unicom also provides a way that it likes very much-just don’t.

However, if you want cash, you can do it. You have to go to Unicom’s own business hall to cancel the number, and support bank card transfer to refund the balance.

It should be noted that the donation fee is non-refundable, and only the money that you recharge can be refunded.

In contrast, the refund of mobile telecom is very pit.

Lei asked the customer service:

At present, there is no uniform standard for telecommunications, and whether cash can be refunded depends on local policies;
Mobile can only transfer the balance to the mobile number of the same attribution, and cannot refund cash.

Although mobile tries to save the user churn rate by raising various thresholds.

But now there is a remote account cancellation+port number transfer, and it is not a simple matter of who we want to use.

I asked if you were afraid.

Wait a minute! Don’t go after reading the article!

Xiao Lei made a small questionnaire, which is related to you. Used to optimize the article and let you see more interesting content.

　　Caixin. comMeituan (03690.HK) announced that it would provide social security for some riders. After the Hong Kong stock market closed on February 19, Meituan announced that it is currently building an information system related to rider social security, which is expected to be implemented in the second quarter of 2025 and gradually pay social security for full-time and stable part-time riders.

　　According to Caixin, in 2023, the total number of riders who received orders on the Meituan platform reached 7.45 million, and there were about 820,000 stable riders who received orders for more than 260 days in that year.

　　Meituan said that in order to actively build a harmonious labor relationship, Meituan conscientiously implemented the protection of riders’ rights and interests and continued to promote the social security of riders according to the characteristics of new employment forms and the actual needs of new employment groups. Since July 2022, under the guidance of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, Meituan has taken the lead in launching a pilot project of occupational injury protection for people with new employment forms, and has invested 1.4 billion yuan to pay occupational injury insurance premiums for all riders in seven pilot provinces and cities, which will further cover all riders in all provinces and cities in the future.

1. The years are quieter and better because of the generosity of youth, and the world is more magnificent because of the young people’s stepping forward. -[Youth, Teenager]

2, it is not a plug, it is for rivers; Continuous flow is for struggle; Endless, it is for China. -[Feelings of Home and Country]

3. Step on the rough road and start again. -[Struggle]

4, self-revolution, like picking up a scalpel to operate on yourself, is the blade inward, scraping the bone to cure poison, which is undoubtedly painful and difficult, so it needs a high degree of introspection in thought and a high degree of consciousness in action. -[Self-improvement]

5. The slowest pace is not a step, but a hesitation; The fastest step is not to sprint, but to persist. -[Persistence]

6. The enemy is extremely vicious, but it can’t change the loyalty; Death can destroy the body, but faith lasts forever. -[Sincerity, Faith]

7. Life is the key point that cannot be ignored. Someone must dare to choose the most difficult road, and someone must put life before interests. -[Life, Greatness]

8. The river of the times keeps flowing. Every generation of young people has their own opportunities and opportunities. They must plan their lives and create history under the conditions of their own times. -[Youth Power]

9. "The pine tree is cold, and the blue sea is wider than the clear." This great magician never fails to live up to his promise to the strugglers and never stints in praising them. -[Struggle]

10. The seedlings in the greenhouse can’t grow into towering trees. Only when they are exposed to the wind and rain in the vast Yuan Ye can they become pillars. -[growth]

11. Everyone is his own hero, and everyone is amazing. Maybe you are just a drop of water, and when it flows into the rolling wave, you can burst into infinite power that rushes out of the cliff and rushes forward; Maybe you are just a beam of light, and if you blend into the general trend of rejuvenation, you can radiate a bright light that is clear and beautiful and illuminates the future. -[self-worth]

12. Icebergs are only the tip of the sea, and most of them are hidden under the sea. -[Look at things in an all-round way]

13, sit still and think about yourself, and chat about people. Life is becoming more and more complete in reflection again and again. -[self-reflection]

14. When you are used to hiding your wishes and refuse to work hard for them, you will really think that you have nothing to ask for after a long time. This kind of powerlessness and fear that you dare not move forward needs the awakening and stimulation of people around you. -[Dream, Move Forward]

15. You see, there is more than one direction in life, and you can grow arbitrarily and dominate all directions; You can also be steady and steady. -[life direction]

16. Death is not the end of life, but forgetting. As long as we have never forgotten, the old friend has never left, and we have a place to come. -[Remember the ancestors]

17. Greatness comes from ordinary heroes and from the people. No one is born brave, but chooses fearlessness. -[Great, Hero]

16. Life is the physical state of the world. It preserves the breath of the world and records its changes and growth. -[the meaning of ordinary life]

17. To put it bluntly, "fireworks" is a kind of life breath. People who lack "fireworks" will lose the interest of life and life will become pale and tasteless. -[interpersonal communication]

18. When the spring is bright, only cherish the time like gold, plow and rain, otherwise, wasting time and wasting years will only end up with the result that "youth is wasted and nothing can be achieved, and white head is sad." -[Cherish time]

19. When a person stands on tiptoe and approaches the sun, the whole world can’t stop her sunshine. -[determination]

20. The tide of revival is a trickle, and the achievements of history books are written by hundreds of millions of people. -[People, Unity]

21, love what you love, don’t leave regrets, and the future will be long. -[Cherish]

22. May we break through difficulties and sharpen ourselves into role models, and China will be as beautiful as our dreams are. -[Youth’s Responsibility and Strength]

1. Passionate and deep feelings for home and country are the strength for us to dispel the haze and ride the wind and waves. -[Feelings of Home and Country]

2, every day is not afraid of thousands of miles. Don’t hesitate to say anything every day, and always do things without fear. -[Go Forward]

3. On the new Long March, it is normal to have wind and rain. Rain or shine is the state of mind, and the hardships are the state. -[New Long March Road]

4. Times are changing, and so are young faces. But the goal of patriotism and the pursuit of progress will never change, the background color of the red gene will never change, and the spirit of always forging ahead in the forefront of the times will never change. -[Patriotism and Endeavour]

5. "Youth permeates Changhong, courage trumps timidity, and enterprising trumps Gou ‘an." Struggle is written in the genes of every generation of China youth. -[Struggle]

6, at the top of the mountain, you can see the river rushing; Above the peaks, I feel more powerful. -[self-pattern]

7. The examination questions of the Times have been listed, and our answer sheet is being written. -[Individuals and Times]

8. The most meaningful variable of time is also the fairest friend, full of magic and witnessing vicissitudes. A person’s understanding of time reflects his spiritual temperament; A nation’s understanding of time shows its forward posture. -[the meaning of time]

9, if there is no persistent repeated sowing, quiet and silent waiting, it will certainly not usher in the surprise of the mountains and flowers. -[the meaning of persistence]

10, countless you, with persistence and hard work in the depths of winter spell out this spring. -[Perseverance]

11. Every time I return home, I want to start better; Every time I stop, I want to accumulate strength. -[accumulate strength]

12. Struggle gives time meaning and spirit illuminates the future of the nation. -[Struggle Spirit]

13. Reading can make people look at the moment from a lifetime, look at the whole situation, and grasp the past, present and future from more dimensions and longer periods. -[the meaning of reading]

14. Everything in the world is hard after everything has turned into this scene. He who does not seek easy will succeed, and he who does not seek refuge will enter. -[not afraid of difficulties]

15, the Milky Way is brilliant, and Hongbo is surging; Dream as a boat, struggle as an oar; Li has become a man and helped the world. -[Struggle]

16. Those who observe the situation are clear, those who trend are wise, and those who dominate the situation are unique in the world. -[adapt to the times]

17. Hold the rice bowl firmly in your own hands and stabilize the ballast stone of food security. -[Food security]

18, you can see the mountains, you can see the water, remember to live in homesickness, and you can keep your roots. -[homesickness]

19. The obstacles are long. As long as we keep working hard, our ordinary life can also draw a star-studded track. Those who chase the light will eventually shine. -[Dream]

20. Some people say that life is a farewell, but it is not all sadness. Some farewells end forever; And some are new beginnings. -[Farewell]

21. Looking up at the historical sky, the feelings of home and country are shining. Crossing the long river of time, the feelings of home and country are continuous. -[Feelings of Home and Country]

22, life will inevitably have ups and downs, but you can’t ignore the distant light because of the immediate difficulties. -[not afraid of difficulties]

23. The goodwill of the society ignites the flame of hope, but it is up to you to make life fire. -[Self-improvement]

24. Those who are self-disciplined in places that others can’t see really can’t bear to live up to God. Please believe: persistent growth in the dark will one day spread fragrance. -[Self-discipline]

25. Contemporary youth in China are a generation who walk in the same direction and advance together in the new era. They live in prosperous times and shoulder heavy responsibilities. -[Youth Responsibility]

26, youth is not a time, but a state of mind; Youth is not a peach face, red lips and soft knees, but a deep will, a grand imagination and passionate feelings; Youth is the deep spring of life. -[Youth]

27. Youth permeates Changhong, courage and sharpness overwhelm timidity, and enterprising overwhelms Gou ‘an. Such spirit is found after twenty years, and it is more common for men in their sixties. Getting older is not getting old, but abandoning your ideals will lead you to old age. -[Youth, Struggle]

1. The trees grow close to each other in the forest, and the stars shine in the Milky Way-[Unity and Collective]

2, why should life be entangled, let go is sunny. -[the true meaning of life]

3. Only when everyone strives to be a hero can we have heroes. -[Struggle and Bear]

4. The infinite past is based on the present, and the infinite future is based on the present. -[Cherish the present]

5. Letting go wisely is far better than blind persistence. If you give up in life, you will get something. -[Learn to choose]

6. The uncut soul has no depth, and the ocean without storm is a pond. -[not afraid of difficulties]

7. No force can stop China’s progress. -[China Power]

8. The road of life is very long, and the future is as bright as the sea of stars, so you don’t have to linger on the half-acre square pond in the past. Those so-called regrets may be another kind of growth, and those injuries that have been suffered will eventually turn into light that illuminates the road ahead. -[Life, Progress]

9. "The sun and the moon refused to be late, and Deadpool urged them." In this new era of strugglers, everyone has the right to pursue dreams, and everyone is also the builder of dreams. -[bear, struggle]

10. If you are confined to one place at a time and limited to a single perspective and a single evaluation, it will be difficult to realize the colorful life. -[broaden your horizons]

11. There is no choice without regrets, only yourself without regrets. -[regret]

12. We hope that the instantaneous accumulation will not flow, and the gifts of the years will not be spent, but the power of diving will be condensed on the river bed of time, so that we can grow in the sun together with the times and society. -[accumulate strength]

13, in the years of struggle, worthy of every inch of time. -[Cherish time]

14. Take your time, all the fun is in the fireworks. -[Life]

15, things do not take refuge, righteousness does not evade responsibility, and unyielding power is condensed in disasters. -[Responsibility and Courage]

16. True knowledge must go out of the study and influence every soul willing to think. -[knowledge]

17. Only by building a spiritual highland and retaining an ideal background can Yuan Ye with a soul be lush and green, and the rivers of civilization be rippling. -[keep your heart]

18. It is inevitable that the night will be dark and cool, and there will be dawn ahead. -[Persistence]

19. Looking at the traditional festivals in China, all of them are condensed with the history of national development, the essence of humanistic ideas, the genes of traditional virtues and the strength of development and forge ahead. -[traditional festivals]

1. If you plant a plane tree well, it will have its own phoenix. If you have no value and just want to rely on others, it is doomed to failure. -[self-improvement]

2. Pieces of branches and leaves gather into a dense forest, and a trickle merges into the sea, and a little starlight illuminates the Milky Way. -[Unity]

3, we must cultivate self-discipline, be cautious to the end, always self-respect, self-examination and self-encouragement, and be cautious and cautious. -[Self-discipline]

4, the water is turbid again, as long as it precipitates for a long time, it will still be extraordinarily clear, and people will be stupid, as long as they work hard enough, they can rewrite their destiny. -[Perseverance]

5. When you are used to hiding your wishes and refuse to work hard for them, you will really think that you have nothing to ask for after a long time. This kind of powerlessness and fear that you dare not move forward just needs the awakening and stimulation of the people next to you. -[Overcoming Fear]

6, life is not like this, you can grow after repeated tests, life is not like this, even if it rains and snows, you must pursue the sun. -[frustration, growth]

7. Behind every life that died for the country, there are heroic stories that should not be forgotten. Every loyal soul buried in a foreign country is burning with indomitable national spirit. -[Hero, National Spirit]

8. In life, no one will be smooth sailing. Those who hold flowers all walk on thorns all the way, out of the trough of life, and the future is an upward road. -[frustration]

9. The past has gone down in history, and the present is constantly expanding, and the bright future needs practical development. -[carry forward the past and forge ahead]

10, a rice paste Liang, maintain 10,000 families, daily necessities, is related to the overall situation. -[Food security]

11. A real teenager is like that. He has faith in his heart, strength under his feet, courage and perseverance. -[Youth Responsibility]

12. There is no substitute for the ecological environment. If you don’t feel it, it will be difficult to survive. -[Protecting the Environment]

13. The four seas are rising, and the scenery here is splendid. Kyushu is stirring and taking advantage of the situation to open mountains and rivers. -[Great Power Style]

14. Every tree with roots can sprout, and every water can rush. —— Do not forget your initiative mind

15. An inch of mountains and rivers and an inch of blood, a cup of hot wine and a cup of soul. Rivers are rushing, because there are thousands of streams gathering, and the mountains and rivers are safe, because countless people are generous. -[Dedication]

16, the original uniform flow of time, it is in the endless struggle, in the high-spirited enterprising, to determine the meaning and reflect the value. -[the meaning of struggle]

17. Looking back at the history and asking the initial heart, who is the winner of Qianqiu Weiye? Ambition should still be there, and dreaming is not just young. -[Do not forget your initiative mind, Struggle]

18, all the blockbuster, in fact, are accumulated. -[accumulation]

19. Let the forest enter the city, let the green spread all over the countryside, let the rivers and lakes dress up the mountains and rivers, and the mountains and rivers of the motherland will shine more pleasing colors, and the future life will show a more touching picture. -[Protecting the Environment]

20, this is our new era, this is everyone’s new journey, cut through thorns, run hard, mountains and rivers can be deep, the future can be expected. -[Individuals and Times]

1. even in this world the spirit of a hero, lives and reigns for thousands of years. The best memorial to the revolutionary martyrs is to carry forward their spirit, go forward bravely and continue to struggle. -[Heroism, Struggle]

2. Every grass, tree, brick and tile in the countryside is entrusted with a deep homesickness and carries deep memories. -[Nostalgia, Memories]

3. The bullets have gone away, and the glory of heroic children will last forever. People who want to enjoy the sunshine of peace and life is sweet will always remember that heroic past and those "loveliest people"-[Remember the martyrs and cherish peace].

4. If you don’t follow the rules, you can’t make a square. Principles are rules and norms, which means the bottom line that must always be observed and the red line that cannot be trampled on. -[Stick to the principle]

5. Repeated wind and rain fights, rescue teams, flood control equipment, truckloads of daily necessities, and disaster relief tents have been rushing to the disaster area from the north and south of the Yangtze River. -[Spirit of unity and fighting floods]

6. With the belief that "no matter how high the mountain is, you can always climb to the top", be a struggler and a dream catcher, and take a step forward, life will have unlimited possibilities. -[Struggle, Dream]

7. Plant flowers in your heart so that life will not be barren. -[Reading]

8. The best friendship is that you are busy and miss each other. -[friendship]

9. Dare to take the road that others have not taken, in order to gain a different kind of scenery; Only by daring to expand the uncultivated wasteland can we open up new space. -[Dare to innovate]

10, in the years of struggle, worthy of every inch of time. -[Struggle and cherish time]

11. Only with heroic ambition, strong character, winning spirit, hard work and self-transcendence, can we promote the development of space technology and build a space power. -[Powerful country in science and technology]

12, watch and help each other, a ray of sunshine will also illuminate the heart; Together, a little fire can warm the soul. -[Unity]

13. It is the belief in youth that makes our spiritual sky broader, it is the pursuit of youth that makes our picture of the times more gorgeous, and it is the ambition of youth that makes our struggle coordinates higher. -[Youth]

14. "I am better today than I was yesterday." It is not easy; The road to struggle will not be smooth sailing, and it is often full of thorns and bumps. -[Struggle and surpass yourself]

15. Wandering in the vastness and dreaming for nine days requires romantic imagination and down-to-earth action. Every step towards the sky is the result of the hard struggle of China astronauts, which has written a vivid footnote for self-reliance and self-reliance in science and technology. -[Aerospace, Scientific and Technological Progress]

16. A person’s ability to get along with loneliness often determines his freedom to choose not to be lonely. -[Alone]

17. Don’t be angry that the starting point is too low, that’s just the origin where we stand. -[Starting Point, Struggle]

18. May we all stay away from bad habits, be grateful, study for life, live in the sunshine on our own and strive to achieve extraordinary life. -[Strive for Self-improvement]

1. You are hidden in the sea of people, seemingly ordinary, working hard day after day, and getting closer to your dreams step by step. -[efforts]

2. When the waves of truth gush out, they will flow endlessly, and the ideal flame will not go out once it is lit. -[Insist on truth and ideals]

3, a pure man, an inch of heart. -[Dedication Responsibility]

4. Cultivate new machines in the crisis and start a new game in the changing situation. -[Opportunity]

5, the waves are strong and happy to look back, dare to renew before others. -[Journey]

6. The spiritual power shines everywhere, and when it falls to the ground, it turns into a miracle. -[Spiritual Power]

7. The Chinese nation is a peace-loving nation, and there is no gene in its blood to invade others and dominate the world. -[Peace]

8. When the baton was handed over to the contemporary youth, they resolutely stood up with solid arms, stepped forward when people needed it, faced difficulties, and painted the youth responsibility of the young people in the new era with dedication and responsibility. -[Youth Responsibility]

9, the river into the canyon, the wind passes through the pass, especially in the spirit of confrontation, with the will to compete. -[Critical moment, will]

10. The feeling of good talk is Huaxia, and every inch of it is home. -[Feelings of Home and Country]

11. The true connotation of idols has never been related to the outside world, but depends on their contribution to the country and the nation. -[Real Idol]

12. When a person has done what he should do, he should do his part, success is among them, and happiness is among them. -[Self-discipline]

13. Achievements are not complacent before, and Dawning is not blindly optimistic now, and always maintains the style of hard work. -[hard struggle]

14. "Good scholars do their best, and good people find it difficult." The highest state of reading and learning lies in the unity of knowledge and practice and the achievement of a better self. -[learning]

15. In the prosperous times, we enjoy the sunshine of peace in the new era and write the chapter of struggle in the new era. -[Time Responsibility]

16, 10,000 years is too long, seize the day, history will only care for those who are determined, forge ahead, and fight, and will not wait for those who hesitate, slack off, and fear difficulties. -[Cherish time and struggle]

17. History is the spirit of capitalization, and spirit is the internalization of history. -[Relationship between History and Spirit]

18. It is these scattered fragments of time that spell out the panorama of the past year, constitute our common memory, and write a glimpse of this era. -[Time, fighting the epidemic]

19. Time flies like water, and everyone will eventually get old, but there are always people who are young. We are concerned about the elders who are getting older around us, and we are also worried about ourselves who will get old one day. -[Time goes by, care for the elderly]

20. Looking up, the prospect of national rejuvenation is bright. Looking back, the course of a hundred years is glorious. -[National Development]

21. Being young forever is the precipitation of ease after going through Qian Fan, and it is also optimistic and indifferent, laughing at life. -[boyish]

22. An era has its own problems, and each generation has its own mission. Although we have walked through Qian Shan, we still need to constantly cross mountains and rivers. -[sense of mission, struggle]

1. The phoenix tree is really unwilling to decline, and several leaves are still audible in the wind. -[Struggle]

2. The warmth of the world spans countless years and the haze of fate, baking the memory fluffy and fragrant. -[recalling the past]

3. Stick to the edge of decline and loss, and stick to it in the fast and utilitarian prosperity. -[Craftsman Spirit]

Heavy rain can delay our arrival, but it can’t stop us from moving forward. -[Go Forward]

5. War is a mirror, which can make people better understand the preciousness of peace. -[Remember history and cherish peace]

6. True sympathy is when you are sad, not when you are happy. -[Compassion]

7. I stand today imagining the past and fantasizing about the future. The past and the future cross at will today, so both the past and the future are blowing the wind of the present. -[Cherish the present]

8. I hope that the next generation can grow up in an era without smoke. -[Remember that heroes cherish peace]

9, the shoes don’t have to be the same, and the period is adequate; Treatment does not have to be the same, and it is expected to benefit the people. -[People-oriented]

10. Young people are eager to become big trees, and it is too late to take care of whether the inner nature is hard or not. If you cut it down, it will be broken. "The process of growth"

11. Trees are poems written by the earth in the sky. We cut it down to make paper, so as to write down our ignorance and mental retardation on it. "Protect the environment, green water and green mountains"

12. The real journey of discovery lies not in finding new landscapes, but in having new eyes. [conversion angle]

13, only based on equal education, make the grass grow, everyone’s essence can be brought into play. [Mode of education]

14. If we want to reap the good results in the future, we must work hard to plant new causes now. Grain by grain, there will be a house full of harvest in Man Cang. [The meaning of persistence]

15, the reality is this shore, the ideal is the other shore, separated by a rushing river, and the action is a bridge on the river. [The importance of being down to earth]

16. Under all the subtleties, there is a loud noise of the ice breaking in spring. [Hope for details]

17. Bookstore is a stormy pavilion in the network age, gazing at the exhausted ancient humanistic road, and it is hard to give up the setting sun after the robbery. [reading]

18. Today, all the chaos and miscellaneous, hard work and diligence will become clearer in progress. [Life direction, great country development]

1. If the younger generation has ideals, skills and responsibilities, the country will have a future and the nation will have hope. -[Youth Responsibility]

2, time is not old, struggle is not stopped, determined to be great in the future, and a hundred years is just in full bloom. -[Struggle]

3. A century-old youth is devoted to the party and is determined to build a new era. -[Building the Motherland and Living up to Youth]

4. It is better to sit and talk than to do it. The big exam is also a big opportunity. It is difficult to prosper the country. -[two sides of things]

5, the road is blue and blue, creating great achievements, and the initial heart does not forget to set sail again. —— Do not forget your initiative mind

6, a country, a nation, only open and compatible, can be prosperous. -[Opening to the outside world]

7. Countless people have worked day and night, standing up the majestic posture of a country moving forward rain or shine. -[Personal Struggle and National Development]

8. Life is like a piece of iron. The more you beat it, the more you can spark it. Growth is like climbing a mountain. The harder it is to reach the top, the more beautiful it will be. -[not afraid of difficulties]

9. The world is grand and splendid. As long as we are happy, we can try different lifestyles. -[Personal Choice]

10. "A hundred-walled wood begins with Goumeng; The road to Wan Li begins with a step. There is no waiting for success, only the wonderful work. The world is worth it, and everyone who works hard is more worth it. -[Personal Value, Struggle]

11, dare to break, to get out of the cage of thinking. -[Good at thinking]

12, the heart is full of sunshine, which is afraid of the darkness ahead. -[Heart to light]

13. Accommodate the voice of others’ grievances and the words of others’ comments. -[Learn to be tolerant]

14. Those cracks that have been scratched by thorns have finally become the patterns in the story, which will make our life thicker and more calm. -[growth]

15. When we meet someone whose soul can resonate, our life will not be lonely. -[interpersonal communication]

16. Accepting the ordinary is the open-mindedness and calmness after the struggle. Being willing to be mediocre is cowardice and laxity that dare not challenge. -[Reject mediocrity]

Be kind to others and you will hear the echo of love. -[Be kind to others]

18. Please believe that all the difficult days will be like the fog gathered in the morning, blown away by the distant wind and illuminated by the sunshine overhead. -[Hope]

19. Seeing the world means seeing real life. -[Spiritual Abundance]

20, adhere to the initial heart, maintain enthusiasm, and go to every expected mountain and sea and love. —— Do not forget your initiative mind

1. In the sequential rotation, the posture of the struggler is always the same; In historical coordinates, what is always clear is the pace of the strugglers. -"Pay tribute to the struggling people"

2. Remember that history is not to remember hatred, but to make history not repeat itself. -Li Xiuying

3. A hero is that ordinary people have a great heart. -People’s Daily

4. Praise the ever-changing miracle of China, praise the Chinese dream for never stopping, and praise the elegance of China engraved in the brow and heart of every child. -Lei Jingjing, "Motherland, Meet Happiness and Tell You"

5. I would like to be this Depth Charge, who died nine times without regret, although thousands of people died. -The Awakeing Age & Mencius (second half)

No matter what we do, we must be an upright person. -The Awakeing Age

7. Chinese never gave up looking up at the starry sky and exploring the deep distance. Our starry sky is constantly described year after year. -"National Treasure"

8. We will all die, and these bamboo slips will surely rot. And the spirit behind these laws will certainly last for thousands of years to come. -"National Treasure"

9. Although our efforts are modest, we are united. Although blood is inevitable, China will surely win. -"National Treasure"

10. If you are determined to go forward, you will be more frustrated and make persistent efforts. -"Sun Yat-sen"

11. The turbid flow of the Yangtze River, the waves in the East China Sea, the fields in Suzhou, the beaches in Qingdao, the richness of the motherland and the natural beauty are engraved in my heart. -Gu Cheng

12. Seeing the light in the courtyard, the light shines everywhere in the world. -Wei Yuan

13. A road does not lose its beauty because its roadside is covered with thorns, and travelers still move on. -Stendhal’s Red and Black

14. It is not the rolling waves that create the new land, but the tiny sand under it. -Bing Xin’s Stars in Spring Water

15. Little people have never been passive recipients of the great era. Every little person’s participation and actions have merged into the torrent of the great era. -Southern Weekend

16. Learn what you have learned and know what you know, so that the country will be rich and strong without foreign aggression and stand on its own feet on the earth. -Zhan Tianyou

1. Yesterday, you taught me that the grass grows and the warbler flies, and the drizzle is hazy;

Today, I’ll teach you to count the names of flowers and see the clouds. -[Affection between teachers and students]

2. The dark winter is more attractive than the perpetual summer, and it is the expectation of sunshine. -[Hope]

3, the real parting, there is no Changting ancient road, and there is no advice to make a glass of wine, just in the same morning as before, some people stayed yesterday. -[parting]

4. Youth is the beautiful flowing Milky Way of fireflies, which is brilliant but extremely short-lived. -[Youth, Time]

At that moment, there was a tsunami in your heart, but you stood quietly and didn’t let anyone know. -[moved, grown]

6. He walked back and forth in the mottled light and shadow, scrawled on the blackboard with his slightly thin hands, and the sunlight fell on him through the cracks in the leaves. His figure was as light as a gouache that had been treasured for many years. -[teacher]

7. Accustomed to the beautiful scenery on the mountainside, I want to see the beauty on the top of the mountain, which is the other mountains all appear dwarfs under the sky.’s boldness. There is also the pursuit of accumulating small streams into rivers and seas and accumulating micro-soil into mountains. -[effort, pursuit]

8. As long as you have tried flying, you will look up at the starry sky when you walk in the future, because that is the place you have been to and are eager to go back. -[growth]

9. Some poems are written for yesterday and tomorrow, some poems are written for love, and some poems are written for ideals that I have never met, but I have never given up before sunset. -[Ideal, Meeting]

10. In this world, young people need the courage to pursue their dreams.

Do not forget your initiative mind, a middle-aged man, needs the courage to re-compete with the world;

It needs the courage of the elderly to cross the age and live a different self. -[Courage, Youth Spirit]

11, the reality is this shore, the ideal is the other shore, separated by a rushing river, and the action is a bridge on the river. -[Action, Reality]

12. I crossed this frolicking world and fantasized about knocking on God’s door and doing my best. In this world where life flies, find a place. -[Select]

13. The sunshine is still clean, the Milky Way is still brilliant, and the world is still moving forward slowly in long-term affection. So time flies, to witness all eternity and immortality in the long years. -[Things develop, time passes]

14. In this life, there are always some people who are the stones you must throw when crossing the river, the firewood you need to cook tea, and the street lamps that you return to light at night.

-[cooperation, friends]

15, between countries, as close as lips and teeth, interdependent, one glory, one loss, some people can be immune, no one can stay out of it.

-[Community of Destiny, Win-Win Cooperation]

16. The beauty of harmony lies in the similarities and differences; The benefits of the upper and lower are in the ability to help each other. -The History of the Three Kingdoms [Community of Destiny, Cooperation]

17. Return all the nights to the mountains and rivers, all the spring scenery to the sparse hedges, and all the laziness, addiction and stagnation to the past. Tomorrow’s me, with hills and valleys in my chest, will immediately shake up the mountains and rivers. -[Youth spirit, ambition and ideal, firm dream]

18. The feathers of the years have swept the river of time and touched a vast sea of stars. I am in the mottled depths of the years, listening to the sound of ideal blooming. -[Persist in ideals, time passes]

19. Whoever will eventually shock the world will be deeply silent for a long time; Whoever will light the lightning will wander like a cloud for a long time. -Nietzsche [Persistence, Accumulation and Diligence]

20. At this time of night, there are no stars in the sky, and the fields are dark. Even if there is a cold wind blowing in the winter, I won’t feel cold and helpless. Because of you, the color is thick, the taste is fragrant, and I feel warm and happy. -[maternal love]

21. The meaning of life is so heavy that no matter how hard we try, we can’t go too far. Because we are born as human beings and born as sentient beings. -"The Reader" Dong Qing [Life]

22. In the dazzling world of light and dust, the past of snow and the future of rain, please put down your obsession with value and focus on your dreams.

-[Dreams, Gains and Losses]

23. In life, there is always such a long period of time. You are silent, waiting, persevering and waiting for a spring blossom. -[Wait, accumulate]

24. Time, like a running song, is romantic and full, but it also quietly takes away people’s years and dreams. -[Memories and sighs of time]

25. Time settled us first, and then confused us. We thought we were growing up, but we never thought we were just safe. -[growth, loss]

26. The ancient country of Youyou is covered with a glow of sunshine and a heavy historical atmosphere. It is located on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean in the east of Asia, called China, called China, and called Zhongyuan Land. -[country, praise the motherland]

27. A teenager’s heart is clear and open, like a blue sky in Wan Li after the rain, which can arouse the bright moon and make me full of ice and snow. -[youth, innocence]

28, the spring breeze flies, the spring is mighty, the years wake up in the spring, and it is another year of beautiful spring. I am willing to be close to nature, enjoy the beauty of spring, enjoy the fragrance of life, and be accompanied by happiness. -[Nature]

1. The wind can blow a piece of white paper, but it can’t blow away a butterfly, because the power of life lies in disobedience. -Feng Jicai [Life, Independence]

2. I regard thorns as Yuan Ye covered with flowers, and nothing on earth can torment me. -Zhang Xianliang [Life Attitude, Frustration and Growth]

3, those who cherish the inch of yin have the eternal ambition of Ling Lang; Those who pity small talents have the heart to drive heroes. -Chen Jiru [Cherish time and pay attention to details]

4, life is busy, competing for short and long, but it is difficult to gain and lose. -Shen Fu [learn to let go]

5. Our life is short, and we will lose it eventually. So be bold, love someone, climb a mountain and chase a dream. Might as well be bold, there are many things that have no answers. -"Big Fish Sea"

Tang "[life sentiment]

6. Please take the ideal horse and start with a whip. Spring is just right on the road, and the sun is sunny in the sky. -Liusha River [Forward, Beautiful]

7. Gently overthrow the world and then turn it into ours. -Greeny [Believe in yourself and have a firm belief]

8. If the sky in April refuses to tear, how can the clothes in May start? -Jian Zheng [adversity, new life]

9. The twinkling sun has become more proud of the mountains, and the light spots in the valleys are like bubbles.

With my strength, I will pursue what I want, get rid of the complicated shackles in the world, and go to the spotless starry sky inside. -Rambo [yearning for freedom]

10. If you have an unyielding soul, there will be a solid land under your feet. -Wang Guozhen [Firm Heart]

11. It is the driving force for me to grow again and again, and it is the adverse fate and adversity that I resisted and refused to bear. -San Mao [frustration and growth]

12. Your great heart shines with the light of the rising sun in the east, just like a lonely peak of snow in the dawn. -Tagore [Praise for greatness]

13. As each day recedes, people will grow into adults. Although the winter nights are long, they will never exhaust their dreams. -Shen Congwen [Time, Life]

14. Life is so ordinary, but there are small things, such as the broken light of the sun, falling on it. -Ding Limei [Beauty in Life]

15. Concentrate the beautiful past perfectly, like a thick ink, and smear it on our gray and monotonous life canvas. -khaled hosseini [Memory, the Meaning of Good Things]

16. Foundation is an important thing. People who have no foundation will be harder and thinner than those who have deep foundation in the future. -San Mao [solid foundation]

17. Ordinary and great are never far from Wan Li. Great comes from ordinary, and ordinary makes great. -"Women in China" [the relationship between the ordinary and the great]

18. Life is like an anvil. The more you are beaten, the more you can spark. -Jeff [frustration and growth, life]

1. Life is like a journey. -Seven Years of Viola [Applicable Theme] Growth and Initial Heart

2, dressed in white, the heart has brocade. -Lin Qingxuan [applicable theme] selfless dedication, abide by their duties.

3. Dongyu has passed away, and Sang Yufei is not late. -Wang Bo [Use Theme] Cherish Time

4, Ning Ming died, born silently. -Fan Zhongyan [applicable theme] Attitude towards life

5, the years are aphasia, but the stone can speak. -Feng Jicai [applicable theme] Traditional culture and eternity

6, there is no beginning, and there is an end. -"The Book of Songs" [Applicable theme] Do not forget your initiative mind, good beginning and good end

7. Although I can’t arrive, my heart yearns for it. -Sima Qian [applicable theme] Attitude towards life and ideological pursuit

8. Xinghai River flows, and the years become a monument. -"Three-body" Liu Cixin [applicable theme] Cherish time and the passage of time

9, the Japanese arch is a pawn, and the contribution is not donated. -Hu Shi [applicable theme] accumulation and persistence

10. Flowers bloom like fire, as well as loneliness. -Gu Cheng [applicable theme] glitz and loneliness

11, the flowers are half open, and the wine is slightly drunk. -"Caigen Tan" [applicable theme] Relaxation is moderate

12. In a flash, China watches for thousands of years. -Zhang Kejiu [applicable theme] Moment and eternity

13, the sun and the moon are past, can not be chased. -Zeng Guofan [applicable theme] Cherish time

14. The mountains and rivers are exotic, and the wind and the moon are the same. -longhouse [applicable theme] Community of human destiny

15. The future is like the sea, and there is a long way to go. -Liang Qichao [applicable theme] Youth’s mission and responsibility and the development of the times

16. I am used to cold and aim to become ice. -Mu Xin [applicable theme] Attitude towards life and self-dedication

17, drinking ice for ten years, it is difficult to cool blood. -Liang Qichao [applicable theme] ambitious, not afraid of difficulties

18, and the same dust, with the time to relax. -The Book of Jin "Xuandi Ji" [applicable theme] conforms to the current situation and is a great country.

19. I wish to thank you at the age of 19 and grow old with my friends. -"Nine Chapters Ode to Oranges" [Applicable theme] Friendship

20. The wind and smoke are clean, and Tianshan Mountain is the same color. -Wu Jun [applicable theme] beautiful scenery

1. You know, every diamond has to go through the lonely time of burying dust before it is discovered.

2, follow the light, close to the light, become light, and emit light.

No matter how cloudy the sky is, the sun is always there, not here, just there.

4. In the darkest period of my life, I pulled myself out of the abyss. Without that person, I will be that person.

5, there is nothing to complain about, just like many times you suddenly understand the truth, there are foreshadowing.

I walk slowly, but I never walk backwards.

7. Dai Yue’s path will eventually be full of flowers. Remember, one person is a horde.

8, you have to endure, endure until the spring blossoms; You have to go until the lights are bright; You should see the world is vast, and then judge whether it is good or bad; You have to work hard to get better, and then stand beside people who dare not imagine; You have to become what you imagined, and you can’t let go of this matter.

9. There is nothing to be afraid of. The only thing you need to worry about is that you are not worthy of your ambition and have failed your past.

10. If you don’t take your heart, you are perfunctory.

11. People who rush about are hard to avoid, and even if they are hard, they can eat more than those who stand still.

12. Every moment you want to work hard at the moment may be that you are asking for help in the future.

13. The person who walks the slowest, as long as he doesn’t lose his goal, walks faster than the person who wanders aimlessly.

14. A good life is a process, not a static state. It is a direction, not a destination.

15. Even if the night devours everything, the sun can come back.

16. No matter how hard the road ahead is, as long as you walk in the right direction, no matter how bumpy it is, you are closer to happiness than standing in the same place.

17. The end of the road will always be tenderness and moonlight.

18. May you start small and end great.

(Source: College Entrance Examination Daxianer Language)

CCTV News:The World Health Organization has designated the last week of April as "World Immunization Week", and this year’s theme is "Vaccine makes us closer". The reporter learned from National Health Commission yesterday (28th) that in order to prevent cervical cancer, China has started the pilot human papillomavirus vaccine, that is, the free vaccination of HPV vaccine in some areas.

At the National People’s Congress in 2020, many deputies called for free HPV vaccination for school-age girls in China as soon as possible. In February this year, National Health Commission publicly replied that it would promote the pilot project first, encourage qualified areas to actively adopt various financing models, and gradually carry out free HPV vaccination. Just a few days ago, Erdos, Inner Mongolia, launched the city-wide HPV vaccine free vaccination project, with the city’s 13-mdash; 18-year-old women can get three shots of HPV vaccine free of charge at designated medical institutions only by paying the vaccination service fee. Guangdong province also said recently that it is actively studying the free vaccination of HPV vaccine for school-age girls.

Zhao Fanghui, Director of Epidemiology Department of Cancer Hospital of China Academy of Medical Sciences:The first way is to enhance the public’s correct scientific understanding of HPV vaccine and cervical cancer and vaccinate as soon as possible; The second way is to promote from the national or government level, and bring HPV vaccine into the immunization program as soon as possible. I think this is also the best way to improve the coverage of HPV vaccination.

The vaccination of girls aged 9 to 14 in China is less than 1%

Last November, led by the World Health Organization, 194 countries around the world, including China, made the first commitment to eliminate cervical cancer by 2030. At present, cervical cancer is the second largest female malignant tumor in China, and the number of new cases in China is around 110,000 every year. In the past two decades, the incidence and mortality have been increasing year by year, and they are getting younger.

Zhao Fanghui, Director of Epidemiology Department of Cancer Hospital of China Academy of Medical Sciences:We found that this younger age is the average in the past. The average onset of cervical cancer may be in the 60 s, but now it can reach the age of 40 or 50. Of course, some patients are younger, and they will also suffer from it in their twenties. From our point of view, it will be about 5 years earlier than 20 years ago.

HPV vaccination is one of the most critical measures to prevent cervical cancer, and another key measure is cervical cancer screening. With the birth of HPV vaccine, cervical cancer is expected to become the first malignant tumor that can be completely eliminated. The standard recommended by WHO is that 90% of girls should complete HPV vaccination before the age of 15, but many countries, including China, are far from meeting this standard.

Bivalent and tetravalent vaccines have provided most protection.

The data show that more than 99% of cervical cancer is related to human papillomavirus, that is, HPV persistent infection. After the whole process of HPV vaccination, it can provide enough protection for women, and there is no doubt about the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine. At present, there are four kinds of HPV vaccines approved for marketing in China. How to choose and fight?

The four approved HPV vaccines include two bivalent vaccines, a tetravalent vaccine and a nine-valent vaccine. The valence mentioned here refers to the type of virus, so simply speaking, the multivalent vaccine is how many types of HPV virus can be prevented. The suitable age for bivalent and tetravalent vaccines is 9-mdash; 45 years old, the suitable age for nine-valent vaccine is 16-mdash; 26 years old, all four vaccines need three shots. Since the price represents the type of virus, is it necessary to vaccinate high-priced vaccines to play a better protective role?

Zhao Fanghui, Director of Epidemiology Department of Cancer Hospital of China Academy of Medical Sciences:There are fourteen types of high-risk human papillomavirus that cause cervical cancer, among which the most common types are 16 and 18, which will cause more than 80% of cervical cancer. Therefore, bivalent and tetravalent vaccines cover 16 and 18 types, and the nine-valent vaccine has five additional types besides the 16 and 18 most important types. Two-valence, four-valence, and nine-valence may sound very different in numbers, but in fact the difference is 10%— Between 15%, bivalent inoculation can avoid cervical cancer with high probability.

The incidence of malignant tumor increases and the mortality decreases.

Yesterday (28th), the Beijing Cancer Prevention and Research Office officially released the Annual Report on Cancer Registration in Beijing in 2020. This is the first time that Beijing has publicly released the cancer monitoring data of its residents in the form of an annual report.

The Annual Report summarizes the 2017 tumor registration data submitted by 168 secondary and above medical institutions in the city, and analyzes the incidence and death of 23 common malignant tumors, the different characteristics of male and female incidence spectra, and regional differences. According to the Annual Report, there were 50,070 new cases of malignant tumor among registered residents in Beijing in 2017, with an overall incidence rate of 367.88/100,000, with an average annual increase of 2.11% in the past 10 years. The mortality rate is 191.38/100,000, with an average annual decrease of 1.06% in 10 years.

Ji Jiafu, Dean of Peking University Cancer Hospital:Although the incidence rate has increased, the mortality rate has decreased. First, it is related to the corresponding and relevant policies issued by the government, encouraging early screening; The second is that with the improvement of education level, people’s attention and awareness of their own health are increasing. Therefore, the tumor was discovered earlier. Although it was discovered, the cure rate was relatively high and the mortality rate decreased.

The data show that the top five diseases in men are lung cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer and prostate cancer, and the top five diseases in women are breast cancer, lung cancer, thyroid cancer, colorectal cancer and uterine body cancer.

11. What are the contraindications for vaccination?

A: At present, there are contraindications to any vaccination except rabies vaccine. The usual contraindications are those who are suffering from serious organ diseases, especially those in active stage; Acute infectious diseases are fever; Children with immune deficiency can’t be vaccinated with live vaccine because they are allergic to vaccine ingredients. When there are clear contraindications, it is really impossible to vaccinate, and vaccination should be carried out after the vaccinated object is ill.

12. Can vaccination guarantee that you will not get sick?

A: All vaccines have a certain protection rate, but due to the individual differences of the recipients, a few people will not have a protective effect after vaccination, and they may still get sick. Another case is the coupled disease. If the recipient happens to be in the incubation period of the disease targeted by the vaccine at the time of vaccination, the disease will still occur after vaccination without protective effect.

13. How to compensate for the abnormal reaction of vaccination?

A: Vaccination is a public health measure. While protecting the health of the vast majority of people, very few people bear the risk of abnormal reactions. Taking full account of the rights and interests of the recipients, the Regulations on the Administration of Vaccine Circulation and Vaccination stipulates that those who have suffered serious damage due to abnormal reactions shall be given one-time compensation, and the specific compensation measures shall be formulated by the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. The compensation expenses for abnormal reactions caused by Class I vaccines shall be arranged by the provincial finance, and those caused by Class II vaccines (self-funded vaccination) shall be borne by the production enterprises.

Abnormal reaction is inevitable because of the inherent characteristics of the vaccine itself; The occurrence of abnormal reaction is a small probability event; It is neither caused by vaccine quality problems nor by implementation errors, and no one is at fault. Through vaccination, an immune barry is established to protect that recipient and the people around the recipient. Therefore, it is not compensation to give certain economic compensation to the recipients.

14. Do you need routine screening before vaccination?

A: The contraindications of each vaccine are different and have their own special contraindications. General contraindications can only be judged by inquiry or simple physical examination, and it is impossible to screen all contraindications, and the screening cost is expensive; Routine screening of all contraindications before vaccination is not recommended internationally.

15. What will be the impact of public doubts about vaccine safety?

A: If the public’s confidence in vaccines and vaccination declines, it may lead parents of children to refuse to vaccinate their children. Without vaccination, the vaccination rate of the population will decrease, the immune barrier of the population will decrease, and the corresponding infectious diseases may break out.

For example, in Nigeria in August, 2003, some people claimed that polio vaccine (OPV) was unsafe and would lead to infertility of children in adulthood. This has led to the cessation of polio vaccination in two northern Nigerian States, and the proportion of polio vaccination in other States has also dropped significantly. As a result, polio broke out in northern Nigeria. The outbreak eventually paralyzed thousands of children in Nigeria and spread the disease to 19 other polio-free countries. Many children had to face the tragedy of lifelong disability, which could have been avoided by vaccination. In addition, countries such as Japan and Britain have also resisted vaccination because of the dissemination of false information about vaccination. The consequence is that there is an immune gap and a loophole in the immune barrier of the population, which leads to the outbreak of vaccines against infectious diseases.

16. What problems should parents pay attention to before children are vaccinated?

A: Parents should take their children to qualified vaccination clinics recognized by government departments for vaccination. Before vaccination, they should truthfully provide the vaccinators with the health status of the recipients so that the staff can judge whether they can be vaccinated. Parents should pay special attention to whether their children have acute diseases, allergies, immune insufficiency, nervous system diseases, etc., and cooperate with vaccination under the guidance of vaccinators. For example, before the newborn is vaccinated, parents need to cooperate with the vaccinators, do a good job in inquiring about the newborn’s health status and general health examination, and provide the newborn’s health status, including whether it is full-term delivery at birth, birth weight, newborn birth score, congenital birth defects, whether it is suffering from a certain disease, etc., so that the vaccinators can correctly grasp the contraindications of vaccination and decide whether to vaccinate. If you find anything suspicious after vaccination, you should immediately consult the vaccination staff and seek medical treatment if necessary, so as to get timely and correct treatment.

17. Under what circumstances are children not suitable for vaccination?

A: Acute disease: If parents find that their children have a fever, especially those with a fever above 37.6℃, or children with other obvious symptoms at the same time, they should suspend vaccination. After the child recovers and nursed back to health for a period of time, he will be vaccinated. In addition, if the child is in the onset or recovery period of an acute disease, or in the acute attack period of a chronic disease, the vaccination should be postponed until the child recovers.

Allergic constitution: individual children have allergic constitution, which is easily ignored by parents. Children with allergic constitution may occasionally cause allergic reactions after vaccination, resulting in adverse reactions. The so-called allergic constitution refers to children’s repeated contact with a certain substance, which is prone to allergic reactions and corresponding symptoms, among which allergic skin rash is the most common. If it is found that allergic reactions have occurred in the past, vaccination should be stopped.

Immune insufficiency: It is generally believed that children’s immune insufficiency is not only worse than that of healthy people after vaccination, but also easy to cause adverse reactions, especially when vaccinated with live vaccines. Serious immune insufficiency includes immune deficiency (such as agammaglobulinemia/hypogammaglobulinemia), leukemia, lymphoma, malignant tumor and so on. If children are prone to recurrent bacterial or viral infections, often accompanied by symptoms such as fever, rash and lymphadenopathy after infection, the possibility of immune insufficiency should be suspected, and special care should be taken when vaccinating.

Nervous system diseases: It is dangerous for people with nervous system diseases to get some vaccines, so it has been confirmed that children with nervous system diseases, such as epilepsy, encephalopathy, hysteria, encephalitis sequela, convulsions or convulsions, should be carefully vaccinated under the guidance of doctors.

18. What is the probability of coupling disease during vaccination?

A: Take children’s coupled illness as an example. According to the survey of health service demand in China, the two-week prevalence rate of children aged 0-4 years old is 17.4%. Therefore, even if the vaccination is safe, about 17 children out of every 100 vaccinated children will suffer from other diseases in the next two weeks. Although the diseases have nothing to do with vaccination, they are easily misunderstood as abnormal reactions to vaccination because the time is closely related to vaccination. Take the coupled death of newborns vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine as an example. The mortality rate of newborns (0-28 days) in China is 10.7‰, and the number of children born every year in China is about 16 million. Based on this calculation, about 170,000 newborns die every year in China, which means about 466 newborns die every day. According to the regulations of China’s hepatitis B vaccine immunization program, hepatitis B vaccine should be vaccinated within 24 hours after children are born. Based on the national vaccination rate of the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine in time (within 24 hours after birth) of 75%, about 350 newborn deaths are vaccinated every day, that is, there may be 350 cases of coupled deaths in newborns vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine every day in China.

19. How do we classify vaccines in vaccination management in China?

A: According to the Regulations on the Administration of Vaccine Circulation and Vaccination promulgated by the State Council in 2005, vaccines are divided into two categories in China.

The first category of vaccines refers to vaccines provided by the government to citizens free of charge, which citizens should receive in accordance with government regulations, including vaccines determined by the national immunization plan, vaccines added by the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government in the implementation of the national immunization plan, and vaccines used for emergency vaccination or mass vaccination organized by the people’s governments at or above the county level or their health authorities. The second category of vaccines refers to other vaccines that are inoculated by citizens at their own expense and voluntarily.

Incorporating the second type of vaccine into the first type of vaccine mainly considers the degree of harm to public health caused by diseases that can be prevented by the vaccine, the effect and safety of the vaccine, the production and supply capacity of domestic vaccines and the financial burden of the government. The first kind of vaccines are generally used to prevent common infectious diseases that seriously endanger children’s health, infectious diseases with relatively high morbidity and mortality in China, and diseases that are generally included in immunization programs in other countries and diseases that are eliminated or controlled globally.

20. What are the management requirements for vaccination services?

A: The Regulations on the Administration of Vaccine Circulation and Vaccination promulgated by the State Council in 2005 stipulates that the medical and health institutions designated by the health authorities of the people’s governments at the county level in accordance with the regulations shall undertake the vaccination work. Vaccination units are required to have a medical institution’s practice license, a practicing physician, a practicing assistant physician, a nurse or a rural doctor who has passed the vaccination professional training organized by the health department of the people’s government at the county level and passed the examination, and a cold storage facility, equipment and a cold storage system that meet the standards for vaccine storage and transportation management.

In order to standardize the vaccination management, the former Ministry of Health promulgated the Code for Vaccination Work, together with the State Food and Drug Administration, promulgated the Code for the Management of Vaccine Storage and Transportation, and also formulated a series of rules and regulations, which set clear technical requirements for vaccine planning, warehousing management, cold chain management and vaccination services. According to local needs, local health administrative departments have formulated corresponding working rules and organized daily work assessment.

Cdc centers at all levels are responsible for technical guidance of vaccination and immunization planning, and undertake the monitoring and control of vaccines against diseases, formulation of vaccine demand plan of national immunization planning, management and maintenance of cold chain, distribution and guidance of vaccines, monitoring of suspected abnormal reactions to vaccination, monitoring of vaccination rate, personnel training and social publicity and mobilization. Grass-roots vaccination units are responsible for the vaccine and cold chain management of their own units, establish vaccination certificates and vaccination cards for school-age children, and provide vaccination services in accordance with the immunization procedures formulated by the state.

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　　At present, 100M fttp has become the general trend, and various operators have started the mode of "speeding up and reducing fees" one after another. So, whose 100M broadband is more cost-effective when the Double Eleven War is about to start in 2017? Let’s compare it below.

　　Fixed network and mobile double breakthrough 15Mbps

　　Since China launched the "Broadband China" campaign in 2015, China’s broadband network has been improved year by year. In the third quarter of 2017, it once again ushered in a double breakthrough in fixed-line broadband and mobile broadband.

　　According to the just released Report on Broadband Rate in China in the third quarter of 2017, the average rate of fixed broadband network in China reached 16.40Mbps in the third quarter of 2017, 2.29Mbps higher than that in the second quarter of 2017, and the quarter-on-quarter increase reached 16.2%.

　　The average download rate of China’s mobile broadband users accessing the Internet using the 4G network has also increased significantly, reaching 15.41Mbps, up 14.5% from the second quarter of 2017.

2017Q3 ushered in a double breakthrough in fixed-line and mobile downlink rates (picture from Broadband Development Alliance)

　　According to the statistics, in the third quarter of 2017, both fixed and mobile broadband download rates exceeded 15Mbps, and at the same time, they also achieved a growth rate of more than 10% from the previous month, and the network speed-up achieved remarkable results. In addition, the video download rate and the first screen presentation time of web pages have also been improved to varying degrees.

　　So in this environment, if you still use broadband network below 10Mbps, you can forget about the estimation of seconds kill, because your hands are not enough. . . So whose 100 Mbps broadband is more cost-effective? The following is revealed.

　　Comparison of 100 Mbps broadband between mainstream operators

　　Let’s take Beijing’s fixed-line broadband as an example. Among the 100 Mbps broadband launched by a number of mainstream operators, which broadband tariff is more cost-effective? Let’s compare it together.

　　Unicom 100M broadband

Beijing Unicom100M broadbandLiuwangbao packages

　　The lowest tariff of Beijing Unicom’s 100-meter broadband: 1480 yuan a year for 100-meter broadband, 105.71 yuan a month for buying 10 and getting 4 free.

　　Telecom 100M broadband

Beijing Telecom100M broadband

　　The lowest tariff of Beijing Telecom’s 100M broadband: 100M broadband costs 73.33 yuan a month in 880 yuan.

　　Mobile optical broadband 100M

Beijing mobile 100M broadband

　　The lowest tariff of Beijing Mobile’s 100M broadband: 100M broadband costs 1280 yuan a year, with an average of 106.67 yuan per month.

　　Radio and TV 100M broadband (broadband pass)

Beijing broadband communication100M broadband

　　Broadband tariff of Beijing Broadband Link: 100M broadband is 980 yuan for one year, with an average of 81.67 yuan per month. In addition, during the activities from October 17th to November 7th, you can draw an invitation for two people to travel in Yunnan by connecting official website and WeChat official account with new broadband packages and renewing any broadband package.

　　By comparison, we can see that if you want to install 100M optical fiber, the monthly broadband tariff of telecom is 73.33 yuan, which is relatively more cost-effective. You can go to official website for more detailed information.

　　The regional difference of network speed is still obvious.

　　With the continuous promotion of China’s price reduction policy, 100M or even 200M optical broadband networks have entered people’s homes, the proportion of low-rate bandwidth has gradually decreased, and the national average network speed has steadily increased, becoming new.

Optical broadband networks have entered people’s homes.

　　However, from the data of the geographical distribution of netizens in China in the first half of 2017, the Internet penetration rate in urban and rural areas continues to increase, but the gap between urban and rural areas is still large. In terms of access, the penetration rate of rural Internet has risen to 34.0%, but it is still 35.4 percentage points lower than that of urban areas.

　　In addition, from the regional situation, the average available download rate in the eastern region is higher than that in the central region and the western region, while the average available download rate in the western region is lower than the national average. Obviously, there is still much room for improvement.

　　If we look at the situation in each province, the average available download rate in 18 provinces has reached or exceeded the national average; Among them, Shanghai and Beijing have obvious leading advantages in this quarter, both exceeding 18Mbps.

The regional difference of network speed is still obvious.

　　It can be seen that China Broadband, which was suspected of "holding back the world" before, achieved gratifying results in the third quarter of 2017 through the continuous deepening of the "Broadband China" special action. However, we also need to see that the regional differences brought by China’s network distribution are still obvious, and there is still a lot of room for improvement in network quality and experience. It is also necessary for the government and many operators to work together to continue to bring more and better broadband network services to the people.

　　Be careful how "fake broadband" tests its network speed.

　　Although some achievements have been made in broadband "speeding up and reducing fees", it is undeniable that the broadband penetration rate between urban and rural areas is still uneven, and many second-and third-tier network operators often play word games with consumers in pursuit of benefits, peddling the so-called "100-megabit exclusive broadband", but in fact, many users share a 100-megabit port, which greatly reduces the actual broadband access experience.

　　The characteristic of this kind of "fake broadband" is that when there are not so many people using it during the day, the network speed is still relatively smooth, and once it reaches the peak of network use at night, the actual network speed will fluctuate greatly.

　　At this time, everyone needs to polish their eyes. As the saying goes, "You get what you pay for", those broadband packages that look very cheap may be at the expense of bad experiences such as low network speed and high delay, so you need to choose carefully.

　　Of course, in order to master the actual network speed of 100M optical broadband and prevent being cheated, we can also test it by measuring the speed by ourselves. It is recommended to visit the recognized third-party speed measuring website-SPEED TEST to test the broadband rate.

　　At this time, you only need to connect the laptop with Gigabit port directly to the optical cat with 100M optical broadband with network cable, and then visit the Speedtest website with web page. It should be noted that it is best to select the speed measuring server from the corresponding local operator before connecting.

useSpeedtest detects whether broadband network speed is qualified.

　　Generally speaking, the speed of 100Mbps broadband measured from the Speedtest website should be around 100Mbps, but in order to prevent line loss, operators will also increase the bandwidth by about 15%, so the results will also exceed 100 Mbps.

　　To sum up, in the face of the coming of the "Double Eleven" e-commerce rush, it is suggested that netizens who have plans to upgrade their broadband networks to 100M optical fiber are more reliable to choose 100 M broadband from mainstream big operators, and it is best to purchase from official channels to prevent being deceived and buying "fake broadband" at high prices.