Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, December 9th Question: Can "Wild Way" also make an Olympic champion? — — Observation on the craze of youth sports training

　　Xinhua News Agency reporters Lin Deren, Li Li, Wang Junbao and Ma Kai

　　In the history of China delegation’s Olympic campaign, most elite athletes came from "Amateur Sports School — — Provincial and municipal professional teams — — The talent training system of "national team" seems a little far from the goal of "training Olympic champions" for sports training institutions with "wild ways".

　　However, with the rapid development of sports training industry, the level of "folk masters" is also gradually improving. In some projects, the players trained by "Wild Way" have begun to play an increasingly important role.

　　Of course, as a newly emerging industry, the sports training industry is not strong enough to replace the sports school system in both hardware and software. However, with more and more parents paying attention to the cultivation of children’s sports skills and the continuous upgrading of training means and equipment, the "upper limit" of the training level of non-governmental sports training institutions is also expected to be constantly refreshed.

　　Across the gap, "amateur" moves closer to "professional"

　　In 2015, in the fencing competition of the 14th Guangdong Provincial Games, the Shenzhen team achieved a good record of 2 gold, 1 silver and 3 bronze, and 45 of the 48 members of this Shenzhen fencing team came from the international fencing center, a non-governmental sports training institution. These high-level "amateurs" made the boundary between "professional" and "amateur" no longer so clear.

　　In addition to fencing, baseball and softball, surfing, rock climbing, ice hockey and other projects with insufficient talent reserves have also begun to try to turn their attention to private training institutions, expecting to expand the scope of material selection with the help of social forces.

　　Surfing is a new event in the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, but there are few surfing professionals in the domestic sports school system. Therefore, social forces have become the main or even the only choice when forming a national team. Xu Sihai, deputy director of the Water Sports Management Center of the State Sports General Administration, said: "Surfing, as a fashion sport, has developed from mass sports. In preparation for the Tokyo Olympic Games, we are cultivating and reserving excellent surfers and forming teams. However, the formation of a national team will not be limited to the traditional team-building model, but will mobilize social forces to develop the sport first through enterprises, markets and clubs, including promoting the rapid development of a series of industries related to surfing, thus boosting.

　　In fact, as early as 2004, Tianxing Diaoliang Equestrian Club signed a contract with Hubei Provincial Sports Bureau to represent Hubei venue obstacle equestrian team in national competitions including the National Games. From the selection practice of ice hockey and other events, there are a large number of seedlings outside the system. If there is suitable soil, these seedlings will become a huge talent pool of competitive sports in China.

　　Oriental Morning Star has set a very grand goal in cultivating elite basketball talents: "Send 1,000 children to the United States to study and play, 100 to NCAA (American College Sports Association) and 10 to professional leagues." Youken Basketball has also successfully sent several potential players to the United States to play while studying.

　　Material selection in transition

　　Although many projects have taken a step forward, on the whole, the ability of social training institutions to transport athletes to high-level sports teams is still weak.

　　As the main source of high-level competitive sports talents, the sports school system is still the pillar of competitive sports in China. However, due to the early start of intensive professional training, it is one of the most prominent problems faced by students in sports schools, and many parents are reluctant to send their children to sports schools. In view of the "difficulty in recruiting students" in sports schools, Ma Li, deputy director of the Dongcheng District Sports Bureau in Beijing, compiled a jingle: "The school won’t let go, the parents won’t let go, and the children won’t ‘ Think ’ The export is not smooth. "

　　In the interview, the reporter learned that the shrinking of sports talents caused by the "difficulty in recruiting students" in sports schools has been reflected in some projects. According to Zhang Guozheng, the head coach of the women’s weightlifting team in China, the women’s weightlifting in Tianjin National Games is "the lowest level in recent National Games", and the shrinking talent pool is a very important factor.

　　The traditional road is getting narrower and narrower, and the selection mode of competitive sports talents is bound to go through a transition period. On the one hand, traditional sports schools need to get rid of the inherent impression of "attaching importance to sports over literature" and attract more students. On the other hand, social training institutions need to improve their training level in all directions, cultivate more competitive competitive competitive top talents and make up for the shrinking pool of traditional sports talents.

　　Expectable "blue ocean"

　　Zhong Bingshu, president of the Capital Institute of Physical Education, said that it is necessary to open the export of talents from "outside the system" to "professional teams", which will greatly mobilize social forces to participate in talent training, and will also solve the problem of competitive sports talents reserve in China to some extent, and form the effect of "concentrating on doing great things".

　　Zhong Bingshu said: "We can’t just look at the sports in the sports circle. We must look at the sports in the background of China’s modernization. Since it is a big background, our selection and employment can’t be limited to the sports teams in the original sports system, or the current professional teams. We should let go of all social organizations, as long as the competition form and system are well constructed and everyone has the opportunity to participate fairly."

　　Liu Fumin, director of the Youth Department of the State Sports General Administration, also said: "Now parents are reluctant to send their children to sports schools. If many young people are in school and study while training, it will not only reduce the burden on the country, but also promote the improvement of cultural quality and better understand the coach’s strategy and tactics. I think there will be many sports teams and clubs in the future."

　　"In addition to sports schools, the selection of excellent sports teams such as the national team should include students and club members, and they should be placed on a big platform to compete on the same field. This is an encouragement to the society." Liu Fumin said.

　　Constructing an open selection system so that "everyone has the opportunity to participate" will create a "blue ocean" for sports training institutions, and for athletes outside the system, entering the national team will also become a realistic ideal.

Blue and white paint sewage is soaked in the sewage pit hidden in the vegetable field.

The staff of the ecological environment department in Changping District are sampling and testing the treated sewage of a university.

　　The new campus of the university, which has been put into use for less than two years, has discharged 23 times more sewage than the standard; The paint workshop hiding in residential houses discharges dye wastewater into the seepage pit in the vegetable field outside the courtyard wall … … In the first half of this year, Beijing’s ecological and environmental departments carried out a series of comprehensive law enforcement actions, investigated and dealt with more than 2,000 cases of illegal stationary source environment, and fined more than 84 million yuan. Especially for serious environmental violations, such as seepage and sewage discharge, environmental law enforcement departments transferred 21 cases of public security administrative detention and 5 cases of suspected crimes to criminal detention, which effectively cracked down on environmental violations and promoted the improvement of the city’s environmental quality.

　　Recently, the Municipal Environmental Monitoring Corps announced ten typical cases of environmental violations in the first half of the year. The reporter sorted out some cases, interviewed front-line law enforcement team members and listened to them introduce the investigation and handling of the cases. It is understood that while strictly investigating illegal activities, the environmental department also actively coordinates the competent departments of the industry to promote the solution of problems such as insufficient disposal capacity, backward process equipment and low management level of sewage units such as hospitals, and realize the discharge of pollutants up to standard.

　　Case 1

　　Harmful wastewater from coating company illegally discharges vegetable fields

　　In recent years, with the promotion of environmental law enforcement, people’s awareness of environmental protection has been greatly improved. Under the supervision of the general public, polluting enterprises hidden in private houses and courtyards in the urban-rural fringe have no hiding place. In April this year, a citizen reported that a mysterious enterprise in Pingjiatuan Village, songzhuang town, Tongzhou District might steal sewage.

　　"The domestic sewage in the village has been collected and disposed of centrally, and it is likely that there are other problems in the water quality when enterprises steal sewage." Wang Gang, head of the monitoring group of key pollution sources of Tongzhou District Ecological Environment Bureau, told reporters. On April 12th, the law enforcement team of Tongzhou District Ecological Environment Bureau conducted a surprise inspection in conjunction with the police of Tongzhou Public Security Bureau’s Environmental Food and Drug Brigade Detachment and the staff of songzhuang town Municipal Government.

　　The company named Beijing Lvmeikang Coating Technology Development Co., Ltd. is located in a private house in Pingjiatuan Village, mainly engaged in color coating processing. In the process of processing, it is necessary to clean the mixing tank, which will produce wastewater of various colors. However, law enforcement officers did not find waste water in the room. Where did the waste water flow?

　　After careful search, law enforcement officers found that the cement floor of the workshop had traces of being re-covered after being demolished. So, I followed this trail and searched eastward until I came to a small dish outside the courtyard wall. Pull open the floating soil on the surface of the vegetable field, and a covered seepage pit is exposed. This pit is less than two meters deep and about one meter in diameter, and it contains blue and white sewage and sludge. "These sewage are hazardous wastes and must not be discharged into the seepage pit like this!" Law enforcement officers immediately ordered the enterprise to stop processing operations and seized the equipment.

　　According to the Criminal Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Laws in Handling Criminal Cases of Environmental Pollution, and the Measures for Linking Administrative Law Enforcement with Criminal Justice of Environmental Protection, Tongzhou District Bureau of Ecology and Environment transferred the case to the public security department according to law. The reporter learned that the relevant responsible person has been criminally detained.

　　Case 2

　　The sewage discharged from the new campus of the university exceeded the standard by 23 times.

　　On April 16th, the law enforcement team members of Nankou Environmental Monitoring Brigade of Changping District Ecological Environment Bureau came to a new campus of a university in Nankou Town to conduct routine supervision and inspection of sewage treatment facilities. This new campus was only completed and put into use in 2017, and a sewage treatment station was built on the campus, which can treat up to 2,000 tons of sewage every day. "Generally speaking, the equipment and technology of new sewage treatment facilities should be the most advanced, and there should be no problem in meeting the standards." The head of the brigade, Yong Yong, told reporters.

　　Law enforcement and monitoring personnel enter the equipment room and take samples from the treated pool with buckets for testing. As soon as the water came, KouYong frowned. "At least with the naked eye, the treated water is close to pure and transparent, which is not much different from ordinary tap water, but the water sample is obviously a little yellow."

　　After more than 20 days, the monitoring results showed that there was something wrong with the water quality. Kou Yong said that according to Beijing Comprehensive Discharge Standard for Water Pollutants, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen must be lower than 1.5 mg/L. However, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the sewage treated by the school is as high as 37.1 mg/L, which is 23 times higher than the standard. The punishment procedure was started immediately. According to the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, the Changping District Bureau of Ecology and Environment ordered the unit to stop the illegal behavior immediately and imposed a fine of 180,000 yuan.

　　Kou Yong said that this university attached great importance to the situation of exceeding the standard and immediately put it into rectification. On May 20th, the ammonia nitrogen concentration has dropped to 0.355 mg/L after sewage treatment. According to the staff, the reason for exceeding the standard is that the process parameters of the equipment are not adjusted in time, and the membrane treatment is abnormal, resulting in the sewage treatment not reaching the standard. "No matter what the reason, as long as there is a pollution problem in the inspection, it must be punished strictly according to law." Yan Yong said.

　　Case 3

　　Wastewater from tableware disinfection enterprises seeps into the ground.

　　Nowadays, many restaurants offer sterilized tableware packaged in integral plastic film. These tableware are cleaned and disinfected by some specialized enterprises, and the cleaned sewage should be treated in a centralized and standardized manner. However, there will still be enterprises that violate the rules in this regard.

　　In March this year, Fengtai District Bureau of Ecology and Environment, together with the public security and water affairs departments, conducted an on-site inspection of Beijing Aojiekang Tableware Disinfection Co., Ltd. located in Zhaoxindian. This enterprise is large in scale and has an independent factory. The wastewater generated after disinfection first passes through two sedimentation tanks, then flows into the reservoir, and then is transferred to a third party for treatment.

　　Law enforcement officers found that this reservoir is about 4 meters long, 2.5 meters wide and 3.5 meters deep, and its capacity is not small. In contrast, the two sedimentation tanks are much smaller, with a side length of less than 1 meter, and yellow sewage is still soaked in them, and the smell is unbearable. Will there be problems under the sewage? The law enforcement officers did not take a look at it, but drained all the water in the sedimentation tank. The hidden problems really emerged.

　　The bottoms of these two sedimentation tanks are only lined with ordinary bricks without anti-seepage coating. "This means that the waste water from washing dishes can directly leak into the ground from the cracks in the bricks, causing pollution." Song Hening, head of a major case group of Fengtai District Ecological Environment Bureau, told reporters that law enforcement officers immediately ordered enterprises to stop production and monitor the pollution of sewage. Fortunately, the sewage has not yet reached the standard of hazardous waste.

　　Song Hening said that illegal discharge of pollutants by means of concealed pipes, seepage wells, seepage pits, etc. is an illegal act that is harmful to the environment. In addition to administrative punishment, the ecological and environmental department can also transfer the case to the public security department. If the discharge of hazardous waste reaches a certain amount, it is suspected of committing a crime. According to the relevant provisions of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Water Pollution Prevention Law, Fengtai District Ecological Environment Bureau imposed a fine of 100,000 yuan on the company and transferred the case to the district public security department. In the end, the relevant person in charge of the enterprise was sentenced to administrative detention.

　　Extended reading

　　Upgrading pollution control facilities in municipal hospitals

　　In recent years, the ecological and environmental departments at all levels in this city have intensified their supervision over the discharge of pollutants from medical institutions and universities. In last year’s special law enforcement inspection, the city’s ecological and environmental departments investigated and dealt with 67 environmental violations in 59 units, with a total fine of 8.83 million yuan, mainly in medical institutions. The reason why medical institutions have become high-risk places for environmental violations is summarized by the Municipal Environmental Monitoring Corps.

　　Sang Zhidong, the chief of the Third Supervision Section of the Corps, told the reporter that through analysis, some medical institutions have a weak awareness of environmental protection and insufficient internal attention. At the beginning of the investigation, a hospital only entrusted the staff of a third-party company to cooperate with law enforcement because of the excessive discharge of wastewater. After repeated requests by law enforcement team members, the official staff of the hospital came forward to accept relevant inquiries. In addition, some hospitals were built earlier, and the treatment technology of environmental protection facilities is backward, which is in urgent need of renovation. The Municipal Environmental Monitoring Corps randomly sampled 15 units, and 5 units exceeded the standard in suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand, accounting for as much as 30%. The main reason was the backward technology. Among them, in a hospital founded in 1955, the wastewater treatment facility was only a simple process of flocculation and sedimentation+disinfection, and it did not have biochemical treatment function, which was far from meeting the current medical wastewater discharge standards.

　　At present, in view of all kinds of problems found in daily law enforcement work, the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment has actively communicated with the municipal medical management department and organized coordination meetings for many times to jointly study and solve specific problems. The reporter learned that the municipal medical management department has allocated funds to promote a number of municipal hospitals to upgrade pollution treatment facilities.

　　Sang Zhidong told reporters that this year’s special law enforcement inspection for universities and medical institutions is underway. It has been found that one university and four medical institutions have excessive water pollution discharge, with a total penalty of 670,000 yuan, which has dropped significantly compared with the same period last year.

　　related news

　　Record of the whole process of law enforcement of municipal fixed pollution sources

　　Previously, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment issued the "Implementation Opinions on Promoting the Recording System of the Whole Law Enforcement Process of the Administrative Law Enforcement Publicity System in the Ecological Environment System and the Legal Review System of Major Law Enforcement Decisions". The opinion requires that the whole process of administrative law enforcement be recorded by means of words, audio and video, filed and preserved according to the norms, and a management system for the whole process of law enforcement records should be established and improved. The reporter was informed that Beijing has recorded the whole process of law enforcement in the enforcement of fixed pollution sources.

　　Zhao Zhiwei, head of the Municipal Environmental Monitoring Corps, said that the environmental law enforcement team in Beijing should record the whole process from entering the scene to obtaining evidence. At present, the corps has established a spot check system, which has a spot check ratio for the law enforcement record process.

　　Zhao Zhiwei said that for environmental violations, the whole process of law enforcement records of law enforcement team members is also one of the supporting evidence. The second phase of the mobile law enforcement system has also been launched this year. Law enforcement officers can basically cover the whole process of law enforcement by entering the law enforcement information after entering the market. The system also has the functions of photographing, latitude and longitude positioning and so on. (Beijing Evening News reporter Zhang Hang Wen Bingtu)

　　When it comes to China’s grottoes art, people first think of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Luoyang Longmen Grottoes and Datong Yungang Grottoes, while Maijishan Grottoes, which are also called the four major grottoes with them, are quite unknown to boudoir people, but this does not affect their unique historical and artistic value.

　　I. Geographical location and construction background of Maijishan Grottoes

　　Tianshui, known as "Qin Zhou" in ancient times, is located in the upper reaches of Weihe River at the end of Qinling Mountains in the southeast of Gansu Province, and is known as "Longshang Jiangnan". Because it is adjacent to Chang ‘an in Guanzhong in the east and borders Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan and Nanjing, it has been a battleground for military strategists and an important transportation and economic and trade center on the Silk Road since ancient times. The well-known Maijishan Grottoes fall on a lonely cliff on the branch of Xiaolongshan at the northern foot of Qinling Mountain, 30 kilometers southeast of this ancient city.

　　▲ The geographical location of Maijishan Grottoes. (Source: Baidu Map)

　　Maijishan, also known as "Maijiya", got its name from Biography of High Monks and Biography of Xuangao, which records that Xuangao, a high monk of Shiyang Temple in Guanzhong, lived in seclusion in Maijishan because of the turbulent situation. Li Huanchuan, a book of Wei Dynasty, recorded that in the third year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (506), Qin Zhou wrote Lu Gou ‘er’s rebellion, and Lee Huan, the secretariat of Liangzhou, "ordered Shi Changle and others to go to aid from Maiji Cliff".

　　As for why we should call this strange peak standing alone at the end of the mountain ridge like this, Wang Renyu, a writer and great poet of the Five Dynasties, has a wonderful description in "Yutang Gossip Maijishan": "Maijishan, who crosses the Qing River in the north, gradually moves south; Five hundred miles of hills and mountains, half of Maijishan; Rise a stone, millions of seeks; Looking at the group, like a farmer’s wheat, it is named. "

　　▲ Autumn panorama of Maijishan Grottoes. (Photo courtesy of Maijishan Grottoes Art Institute)

　　As for the excavation and construction of Maijishan Grottoes, according to historical records, it began in the period of the Sixteen Countries and the Late Qin Dynasty. Since then, the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty have continued to build, which lasted for more than 1,600 years. There are 221 existing caves and caves, 3,938 statues, 10,632 murals, nearly 1,000 square meters, and a large number of steles, scrolls, documents and other cultural relics.

　　Known for its beautiful natural and cultural landscapes, lifelike clay sculptures, magnificent murals of the Northern Dynasties and breathtaking cliff pavilion plank road architecture, it is well-known at home and abroad.It is also the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units announced by the State Council on March 4, 1961, and a national five-A-level tourist scenic spot. On June 22, 2014, it was officially recognized as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO as an important part of the "Silk Road: the road network of the initial section and the Tianshan Corridor".

　　▲ A glimpse of Maijishan Grottoes. (Source: Maijishan Grottoes official website)

　　The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was an important period of great political turmoil, great cultural changes and great ethnic migration in the history of China, and it was also a critical stage of the intersection, collision and integration of foreign Buddhist art and China traditional culture. The Maijishan Grottoes, located at the southern route of the Silk Road at that time, were the true portrayal and precious historical remains of this change in Guanzhong and Longyou areas at that time.

　　AD 3-mdash; In the 4th century, Indian Buddhism, which was active in Central Asia, the Western Regions and Xinjiang, entered the Central Plains along the ancient Silk Road through the Hexi Corridor, and Chang ‘an, Luoyang, Chengdu and Jiankang (Nanjing, Jiangsu) became important centers of Buddhist culture communication at that time. Tianshui (formerly known as Qin Zhou), which is adjacent to Chang ‘an, has also become one of the earliest areas where Buddhism was introduced into the mainland. In the second year of Yongjia in the Western Jin Dynasty (308), Zhu Fahu, a monk, retranslated the "Pu Yao Jing" in Tianshui.

　　Bo Fazu, an eminent monk in Chang ‘an, promoted Buddhism in Guanlong all the year round, and he had a great influence among believers. He was known in history as "the right side of the letter, and it was like a god." Later, Fazu was killed by Zhang Fu, the secretariat of Qin Zhou, which caused the Qiang people in Tianshui and Longxi to be angry. They rose up and attacked Qinzhou City, and Zhang Fu was killed as a result. All Qiang Hu felt that their revenge had been reported, so they dismembered Fazu and took it back to the tower to support him as a souvenir. This incident shows that Buddhism had penetrated into all social strata in Qin Zhou at that time, and Buddhist activities had become an important part of people’s daily spiritual life.

　　▲ Wheat accumulates misty rain. (Source: Maijishan Grottoes official website)

　　Maijishan, as a peculiar Danxia landform in Qin Zhou, has attracted people’s attention since the Eastern Han Dynasty. At that time, Wei Xiao, who confronted Emperor Liu Xiu of Han Dynasty, built a summer palace in Diaochao Valley behind Maijishan. Yu Xin, a great writer in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, called Maiji Cliff "the famous mountain in Longdou and the spiritual mountain in Hexi", and the Annals of Qinzhou also called its mountain "the crown of nymphs in the Qin Dynasty". It can be seen that the ancients have long regarded Maijishan as a place to cool off and ask questions.

　　During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, meditation and image viewing were one of the most important religious practices of monks in the northern region, and Maiji Mountain, with its quiet environment and beautiful scenery, naturally attracted the attention of monks. When Xuangao arrived here, there were already eminent monks from the Qin Dynasty meditating here, and the number of monks had reached as many as 100, which shows that the Buddhist activities in Maijishan were flourishing at that time. There is no clear evidence as to whether there was a cave sculpture in this period. However, it is a historical fact that Maijishan Grottoes were built in the late Qin Dynasty, according to the actual needs of monks’ meditation and the absolute position of the idea of Buddha III advocated by Yao Xing in the late Qin Dynasty.

　　▲ Qin Zhou in the post-Qin Yao Xing era. (Source: Atlas of Chinese History)

　　With the southward migration of Jinshi, the separatist regimes of large and small established by the northern nomadic tribes of Di, Qiang, Xiongnu and Xianbei launched a long-term scuffle in the northern region centered on Chang ‘an, Luoyang and Yecheng, and the people suffered from war and all kinds of displacement, plus the rulers’ admiration for Buddhism.Cave temples in northern China, including Maijishan Mountain, have sprung up like mushrooms after rain, just like strings of pearls embedded along the ancient Silk Road, which together constitute a brilliant chapter of China grottoes art and become an important carrier and window for people to know and understand the China, nationalization and secularization of foreign Buddhist art, as well as the cultural and artistic exchanges and interactions between ancient China and the West.

　　Second, the grotto statues in the Northern Wei Dynasty

　　There are about 90 caves in the Northern Wei Dynasty in Maiji Mountain, which are divided into early, middle and late stages. In the early stage, there were caves 74, 78, 90, 100, 128 and 165, mainly concentrated in the middle and lower part of the west cliff.

　　▲ Interior of Cave 78, early Northern Wei Dynasty.

　　Its shape mostly imitates the dome-top tent style of ethnic minorities, and the statues are mainly three Buddhas and Maitreya. Later on, besides the Three Buddhas, the statues in the grottoes began to increase in themes such as Jiaojiao, Thought, Sakyamuni, Duobao and seven buddha, which fully reflected and embodied Mahayana Buddhism’s thought of Fahua Statue. The style of the sculpture shows strong characteristics of Gandhara in Central Asia and Hutulu in India, as well as the tall, burly and straight modeling characteristics of the northern nomadic people, which is highly consistent with the famous statue of Tanyao Cave in Yungang, and the excavation time is about 460 AD.

　　In the mid-Northern Wei Dynasty, the grottoes were small in size, and their shapes showed Chinese characteristics, mostly square and flat-topped. There are many Buddhist temples or shallow arches in the grottoes, and there are many rows of small ear niches or altars on the wall. Typical examples are caves 23, 76, 86, 89, 92, 93, 115, 155, 159 and 163.

　　▲ Sitting on the main wall of Cave 115, in the middle of Northern Wei Dynasty.

　　The subject matter of statues in the grottoes is still dominated by three Buddhas, with one Buddha and two Bodhisattvas. At the same time, disciples began to appear. In addition, there are a large number of shadow-sculpted buddhas, bodhisattvas, disciples, heaven and man, flying, supporters and so on with different postures and exquisite sculptures. In terms of sculpture style, whether it is Buddha, Bodhisattva, disciple, flying and provider, the shape of the statue has changed from tall and burly in the early days to stretching and straight, the facial expression has changed from dignified and resolute to delicate and quiet, and the costume has also changed from soft body-fitting, bare-chested to drooping collar and skirt.Interestingly, in many caves, Hu and Han styles often complement each other:Wearing a round neck or a topless cassock, sitting on both sides of the Buddha, the Han costume with a flattering belt and a light posture is flying on the face, reflecting a strong atmosphere of changes in the times. This change mainly stems from the fact that TaBaHong, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, officially moved to Luoyang in the 18th year of Taihe (494). In order to speed up the pace of sinicization, he banned wearing Hu clothes, changed Han clothes, banned Hu dialect, changed Xianbei surname to Han surname, and vigorously advocated intermarriage between ethnic groups, re-establishing the gate system of the Northern Dynasty.

　　It is under the influence of this series of sinicization measures that the old customs of Xianbei nobles can be fundamentally changed, and finally the central plains cultural etiquette system with Confucianism as the core is fully accepted and absorbed. At the same time, it also affected the Qin Zhou area under the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty. However, because it has long been the main inhabited area of the Bian, Qiang, Xiuguan and Tu nationalities, this change has a certain lag.

　　The late Northern Wei Dynasty was the heyday of Maijishan Grottoes excavation, and the representative grottoes were caves 81, 83, 87, 121, 122, 133, 142 and 154. The grottoes are more complex and diverse in shape. There are many ancillary buildings in the grottoes, such as abutment, Buddha’s seat, shallow niche, altar and so on, and the top has also evolved from a flat square to a square set of bucket tops.

　　▲ Bodhisattva and disciple in Cave 121, late Northern Wei Dynasty.

　　▲ Sitting on the main wall of Cave 142, late Northern Wei Dynasty.

　　▲ The smile of the Shami in Cave 9, Cave 133, in the late Northern Wei Dynasty.

　　In addition to small and medium-sized caves in the traditional sense, large caves like Cave 133 began to appear, with a height of 5.80, a width of 12.20 and a depth of 10.83 meters. The cave is complex in structure, densely covered with shrines, rich in sculpture contents and diverse in theme combinations, forming the wonder of "Buddha shadows everywhere and flying all over the walls", which is amazing.

　　Under the influence of Longmen Grottoes and other central plains areas, the sculpture style in this period has all been transformed into the Han-style characters in the praise belt.The Buddha’s face is handsome and smiling, with a straight nose and a small mouth, shoulders and chest, and a wide cassock. The clothes are hung over the Buddha’s seat, and the surface of the clothes is carved with sparse and rigid clothes lines. Bodhisattva wears a high bun, with a delicate face, and many ornaments such as collars, earrings, bracelets, armbands, wreaths, etc. She wears a shirt with wide sleeves, a waist-length skirt, high heels, and crosses the front of her belly or puts it on her knees after piercing. One hand holds the lotus bud, the other hand holds the silk, and the expression is quiet and graceful. Disciples are all dressed in robes, and their facial expressions are immature and pure, or naive, or brooding, or suffering from vicissitudes.

　　There are many kinds of supporters: some wear crowns and hats, wide robes and big sleeves, some have high hair bun and long skirts mopping the floor, some hold utensils and walk with their children, and some stand with their hands chest-high, reverent and respectful. It fully shows the distinctive character characteristics, rich inner world and yearning for the pure land of Buddhism.

　　▲142 Cave Shadow Plastic Supporter, Late Northern Wei Dynasty.

　　About the author:

　　Sun Xiaofeng, doctor of historical philology (including Dunhuang studies), research librarian of Dunhuang Research Institute. Secretary-General of Academic Committee of Maijishan Grottoes Art Institute of Dunhuang Research Institute, and editorial board of Dunhuang Research. He has undertaken, presided over or participated in the investigation of small and medium-sized grottoes in the eastern part of Gansu Province, the compilation of Tianshui General History, the compilation of Gansu Grottoes Records, the declaration of Maijishan Grottoes as a world cultural heritage, and the investigation of the Great Wall resources in Gansu Province. In addition, he published 2 monographs and more than 40 academic papers. He has presided over, undertaken or participated in many national, provincial and ministerial social science projects, and is currently presiding over the national social science key project "Archaeological Report of Caves 120-127 of Maijishan Grottoes".

　　Producer | Yang Xinhua

　　Coordinating | Kang Kunquan, Hu Jun, Liu Jia

　　Editor | Guo Hui Qi Zitong

　　Production | Hu Qi

　　Mr. Zhang has a credit card of P Bank. Recently, he inadvertently discovered that there were two large-scale purchases that had "installment repayment", and he had to pay more than 300 yuan a month, but he couldn’t remember when he started the automatic installment business. The Beijing Youth Daily reporter learned that there are still many credit card customers like Mr. Zhang, and the banks involved are far more than one P bank. Some customers have even been "phased" for more than 7 years before they found out that the handling fee paid has reached 40,000 to 50,000 yuan.

　　Are these banks really opening installment repayment business for customers without authorization? Why didn’t the customer find it in time? Is the bank’s behavior illegal? Recently, the reporter of Beiqing Daily conducted an investigation.

　　phenomenon

　　Customers complain that credit cards are "automatically phased"

　　In the black cat complaint platform and major bank card forums, customers who claim to be "automatically phased by banks" can be seen everywhere.

　　Mr. Zhang mentioned above has credit cards from several banks, and this card of Bank P used to be a small amount of consumption, and no problems were found. Recently, he used this card to make two large purchases, one is 10,000 yuan, and the other is 3,000 yuan. Soon, he received a short message from the bank, saying that both purchases were successfully applied for free installment payment, and he had to pay more than 300 yuan a month. However, Mr. Zhang has no impression of the opening of "automatic staging".

　　In early August, Miss Zhang, a customer of H Bank, made a consumption of 99,888 yuan. Later, she found that there was an automatic handling fee of 12 installments in the bill of the month, each installment was 749.16 yuan, and the amortization principal of each installment was 8,324 yuan. After the 12 installments were completed, the handling fee was nearly 9,000 yuan, and the annualized interest rate was 9%. Miss Zhang remembers that when she first set up this card, the staff told her that it was an ordinary credit card, which did not mean that the card would be automatically divided into stages on the billing date, and she herself did not take the initiative to apply later. Miss Zhang believes that the bank opened the automatic installment business for her without authorization, just to "make more money".

　　Mr. Zhao, a customer of X Bank, applied for a credit card in September 2020. After paying the bill in early December, he didn’t use this card again. Later, he found that there was still repayment every month. When he inquired about the bill, he found that the original banking system had carried out 12 automatic installments, but he had no impression of applying for this business.

　　The reporter of Beiqing Daily found that in addition to the three banks mentioned above, some customers of G Bank and Z Bank have also encountered the situation of being inexplicably "phased", and the most complaints are P Bank.

　　survey

　　Did the bank open the business without authorization?

　　So many customers complain that they have been "phased". Is the bank really so bold?

　　Many insiders told the reporter of Beiqing Daily that according to the regulatory requirements and the bank’s own internal regulations, it is definitely impossible for the bank to open this business without the consent or authorization of the customer. From a practical point of view, many customers have checked the relevant options when they apply for a card, or made relevant representations when they received a marketing call or text message from the bank, but they forgot it after a long time; It is also possible that the customer misunderstood the meaning of the terms or the expression of the staff when communicating. In the past few years, the credit card business management of some banks was not standardized. It is not excluded that some salesmen deliberately concealed important information to induce customers, and even checked the "automatic installment" option on the application form for customers in violation of regulations.

　　Mr. Xu, a customer of P Bank, met such a salesman. At the end of 2014, the credit card salesman of Bank P went to the place where Mr. Xu worked to sell credit cards. In recent years, Mr. Xu has paid directly on Alipay or WeChat, never looking at the bank’s electronic bills, let alone finding out the details. Until March of this year, Mr. Xu felt that the repayment amount was not in line with the consumption situation. After checking the bill, he found that Bank P had charged him nearly 47,000 yuan in installment business fees in recent years. Shocked, Mr. Xu called the credit card center to ask for a refund, but was told that when he applied for a card in 2014, he checked the free installment function on the paper application materials, and a single purchase over 800 yuan was automatically repaid in six installments. Mr. Xu said that after seven years, he couldn’t remember whether it was checked by the salesman or painted by himself. But what is certain is that I don’t know anything about free staging.

　　According to the reporter of Beiqing Daily, from the feedback from the bank, there are still some controversial customers who actively apply for the automatic installment business on the App, but they all said that they don’t remember checking it on the App.

　　Su Xiaorui, a senior analyst at Analysys, pointed out that credit card holders usually don’t read the terms carefully, and the bank staff didn’t tell the relevant business information in detail. In this case, cardholders are easily "cheated" and passively choose installment business. In addition, some banks put key information in inconspicuous places, and cardholders sometimes ignore the installment fee for checking monthly bills, which are also factors that trigger consumer disputes.

　　question

　　Liquidated damages will be paid for termination of installment prepayment.

　　After customers find that they have been inexplicably opened the automatic installment business, they will generally take the initiative to complain to the bank, demand a refund of the fees received, and demand that the business be stopped. However, it is not easy to cancel this business. Many banks require that certain fees must be paid, and at the same time, they must be audited.

　　For example, Bank P stipulates that after a cardholder successfully applies for free installment payment, the number and amount of installments he has applied for cannot be changed and cannot be revoked. If the cardholder applies for early repayment, the cardholder must repay all the remaining undistributed installment principal in one lump sum, and the handling fee corresponding to the remaining undistributed installment number is not required to be paid. The handling fee collected in one lump sum will be refunded to the handling fee corresponding to the remaining undistributed installment number, and the bank will collect 3% of the undistributed principal amount of the cardholder as a penalty. The liquidated damages collected for early repayment and the undistributed principal amount will be fully included in the minimum repayment amount of the next bill.

　　Mr. Liu, a customer of X Bank, set up a credit card a few years ago. Now the monthly consumption exceeds 5,000 yuan, and the bank directly handles the 12-month installment. He called and said that he would pay in advance, and learned that he would have to pay 3% penalty. Mr. Liu said angrily: "Don’t you need to inform the customer for staging? If you have to pay liquidated damages in advance, will this overlord clause be left unattended? "

　　Supervision

　　Some banks were severely punished for illegal installment business.

　　Of course, the chaos existing in the credit card installment business is taken care of. The regulatory authorities have noticed the irregularities of some banks and increased the punishment.

　　On July 7th this year, the Consumer Protection Bureau of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China issued a circular on the infringement of consumers’ rights and interests by a bank. The circular pointed out that a bank has six kinds of illegal and illegal problems, such as checking the initial amount of automatic installment of credit cards by default.

　　According to the circular, since March 2015, this bank has launched the "Lixiang Card" credit card business, and the initial amount of automatic installment is divided into three grades, namely 5,000 yuan, 10,000 yuan and 20,000 yuan. Since March 2019, in order to increase the income of credit card installment business, the bank has adjusted the automatic installment starting amount of "Lixiang Card" to "3,000 yuan by default", and customers cannot choose other installment starting amounts when they apply for a card. However, according to the regulations of the bank, customers can modify the starting amount of automatic installment through the customer service hotline, but they are not prompted in the application form and online channel application page. By the end of June 2020, the bank had issued 45,400 "Lixiang Cards" with an initial amount of 3,000 yuan, involving installment income of 35,736,400 yuan.

　　A few days ago, the bank that was criticized by name issued the Announcement on Suspension of Customers’ Application for Automatic Staging Business by Credit Card. Since August 31, 2021, customers have been suspended from applying for automatic staging business in various channels.

　　Dong Zheng, a senior bank card expert, believes that installment business is an important component of bank credit card business income, which can not only stimulate consumption, ease the financial pressure on users, but also increase the intermediate income of banks, and has been paid more and more attention by banks recently. However, at present, banks are overexerting in the marketing of installment business, and there are still some defects in the service level, especially in the communication with customers and how to guide users to handle it, which need further standardization.

　　Text/Reporter Cheng Wei Coordinator/Yu Meiying

　　Photo courtesy/vision china

　　point out

　　Consumers should look carefully at the card terms and monthly bills.

　　In the interview, the reporter of Beiqing Daily found that a considerable number of cardholders not only did not read the terms carefully when handling the card, but also did not check the bills in detail every month after using the card, so that it took many years to discover that they were "phased". In view of this phenomenon, people in the industry generally believe that consumers themselves should take the initiative to strengthen their understanding and management of credit cards, especially pay attention to terms such as fees, interest rates and repayment methods, so as to effectively reduce the occurrence of such disputes.

　　Su Xiaorui, a senior analyst at Analysys, pointed out that cardholders must first understand that credit cards are truly free only if they are fully repaid during the interest-free period, and other charging methods should be paid special attention; At the same time, don’t handle staging for the so-called staging gifts and staging concessions, but handle them according to your own needs.