A strong grass-roots unit makes the country strong, and a secure grass-roots unit makes the world safe. Whether the grass-roots governance is good or not depends on the grass-roots party organizations and the cadres in party member.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has repeatedly given important instructions to uphold and develop the "Maple Bridge Experience" in the new era at the grassroots level.

　　In the new era, "Fengqiao Experience" puts more emphasis on the leadership of the Party, highlights the thinking of the rule of law, highlights the support of science and technology, and pays more attention to social participation, showing timeless charm and becoming a "golden signboard" for promoting grassroots social governance in China.

　　Rejuvenate in persistence and carry forward in development. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the "Maple Bridge Experience" in the new era has been adhered to and developed, the social governance system of co-construction, co-governance and sharing in China has been further improved, and the mechanism for correctly handling contradictions among the people under the new situation has been further improved. The grassroots party member cadres have resolved contradictions and disputes at the grassroots level in time, and the effectiveness of social governance has been further improved, and the people’s sense of gain, happiness and security has been continuously enhanced.

　　This year marks the 60th anniversary of Comrade Mao Zedong’s instruction to study and popularize the "Maple Bridge Experience" and the 20th anniversary of the instruction of the Supreme Leader General Secretary to uphold and develop the "Maple Bridge Experience". Rooting in the fertile soil of history and culture, striving for a new journey, and adhering to and developing the "Fengqiao Experience" in the new era will surely further promote the modernization of China’s grassroots social governance system and governance capacity, and will surely more effectively ensure people’s livelihood, social stability and order, and long-term stability of the country.

　　Pay more attention to the party’s leadership, and constantly transform the party’s political advantages, organizational advantages and close ties with the masses into the effectiveness of grassroots governance.

　　In the birthplace of "Maple Bridge Experience" — — In Fengqiao Town, Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province, there is an old party member, who always likes to take a small bench and sit in the middle of the neighborhood, chatting at home, helping many people solve their "bumps".

　　His name is Yang Guangzhao, a retired policeman of Fengqiao Police Station. After retirement, he has been committed to mediation of grassroots disputes. He has recorded more than 100 "mediation diaries". In Yang Guangzhao’s words, "Mediation lies in using the wisdom of the people to resolve their contradictions. Let’s work together to handle a small matter well, and Fengqiao Town will be more beautiful. "

　　Over the past 60 years, the "Fengqiao Experience" has already gone out of Zhejiang and moved to the whole country, and it has been enriched and developed continuously in practice.

　　Xianlin Street, Qixia District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, where there were frequent letters and visits and frequent contradictions. There are not only high-grade residential areas, but also demolition and resettlement residential areas, well-known universities and many "five small industries" in the street jurisdiction, with diverse subjects and diverse objects, which brings great challenges to governance.

　　"Take the clothes and the collar, and lead the cow by the nose." Xianlin Street vigorously promotes party building to lead grassroots governance and thoroughly implements the "Five One Work Laws" — — "One flag" strengthens political guidance, "one net" weaves a dense organizational system, "one line method" promotes the sinking of cadres, "one family" gathers regional resources, and "one heart" works together with the party and the masses to do a good job of letters and visits, so that the masses can feel at ease.

　　The foundation is not firm, and the ground shakes. Grass-roots units are the foundation of the Party’s governance and the source of its strength. In 2021, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Modernization of Grass-roots Governance System and Governance Capacity, and made special arrangements for "improving the Party’s overall leadership of grass-roots governance system".

　　In recent years, all localities and departments have adhered to and developed the "Maple Bridge Experience" in the new era, and have always regarded strengthening the party building at the grassroots level and consolidating the party’s ruling foundation as a red line running through social governance and grassroots construction.

　　In some places, the tentacles of party organizations are constantly extended to all corners of the jurisdiction by means of "grid party building", so that "things are done in the network, but it is difficult to solve them in the network";

　　In some places, in the form of "regional party building", government agencies, enterprises and institutions are jointly built with township (street) and village (community) party organizations to consolidate the ability to resolve conflicts and disputes on the spot in time;

　　Some places actively explore the normal and long-term mechanism for the sinking of cadres in party member, maintain close ties with the people in their jurisdictions, and find and solve problems in time;

　　In some places, Party organizations are embedded in modern property, which improves the participation efficiency of business entities in community public affairs and improves the happiness index of community residents with better property services … …

　　A big country is as big as a big country. A myriad of things, in the final analysis, are the business of thousands of families. The key to thoroughly practicing the "Fengqiao experience" in the new era and vigorously strengthening the construction of grass-roots party organizations is to adhere to and implement the party’s mass line well, and to solve the problems of the people’s urgent difficulties and worries with heart and affection.

　　In recent years, Beijing has innovated and carried out the reform of "Party building leading the handling of complaints". The secretary of the municipal party committee holds a monthly special meeting of the municipal party committee and a monthly work review meeting of the secretary of the district party committee (departmental party group). The secretary of the district party committee holds a monthly review meeting of the secretary of the street township party committee, and the secretary of the street township party committee directly dispatches the secretary of the village community party organization. The vast number of cadres in party member go to the grass-roots level, run work orders, go through the process, wait for the position, and turn around the front line, the masses and the problems. Nowadays, as long as the masses call 12345 to reflect the problem, someone will immediately respond and accept it, and strive to do it quickly and do it well.

　　Party building leads and gathers strength. Nowadays, in the fields, in the streets and alleys, and in the buildings of business districts, the party’s political leadership, ideological leadership, mass organization and social appeal are fully exerted, and the party’s political advantages, organizational advantages and close ties with the masses are constantly transformed into grassroots governance effectiveness.

　　More highlight the thinking of the rule of law, and form a strong atmosphere of doing things according to law, finding ways to solve problems, and resolving contradictions by law.

　　Entering a new era, social governance is facing new challenges. How to adhere to and develop the "Fengqiao Experience" in the new era and resolve all kinds of contradictions and disputes with high quality?

　　The rule of law is the basic way of governing the country. Report to the 20th CPC National Congress of the Party put forward: "Promote multi-level and multi-field governance according to law and improve the level of legalization of social governance."

　　In 2022, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Regulations on Letters and Visits, which brought letters and visits into the track of legalization, and guided all localities and departments to persist in understanding problems with the rule of law and solving problems with the rule of law.

　　Nowadays, whether it is land acquisition, house demolition, labor relations mediation, residential property management, ecological environment protection and business environment optimization, the majority of cadres in party member insist on strengthening the use of the rule of law thinking and judging cases by the rule of law, effectively safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of the people and maintaining social harmony and stability.

　　In a criminal complaint case of intentional injury in a certain place, in order to help the complainant solve the "knot" and repair the neighborhood relationship in the community, the procuratorial organ invited lawyers, mediators, representatives of street workers, etc. as hearing officers to hold a public hearing in the complainant’s community, and successfully stopped the complaint. In recent years, in order to reduce the complaint burden of petitioners, local procuratorial organs have vigorously promoted simple public hearings; At the same time, in order to allow the petitioners who are physically inconvenient or live in remote areas to participate in the public hearing, the procuratorial organs have also innovatively used the new form of "on-site hearing" to resolve the contradictions at the "doorstep" of the petitioners.

　　The construction of the rule of law should not only grasp the end, cure the disease, but also grasp the front end and cure the disease. Nowadays, many places are exploring and innovating, putting the non-litigation dispute resolution mechanism at the forefront, pushing more forces of the rule of law to exert force on the guidance and guidance end, and strengthening the source prevention, front-end resolution and control of contradictions and disputes.

　　Shanghai has built a unified platform for online and offline mediation work, set up non-litigation dispute resolution centers at the city and district levels, and hundreds of mediation organizations have settled in. Other mediation organizations and notarization, arbitration, administrative adjudication, administrative reconsideration and other institutions have settled in regularly to resolve conflicts.

　　Guangdong Province actively promotes commercial mediation. There are 330 commercial mediation organizations and 2,232 registered commercial mediators in the province, and 25,000 commercial disputes have been mediated since 2022.

　　Zhejiang courts have vigorously promoted the construction of "online diversified solution platform for contradictions and disputes", provided online consultation, mediation, litigation and other through-train services for the masses, and achieved "funnel-type" hierarchical filtering of contradictions and disputes, with a total of 3.276 million mediation disputes … …

　　As a legal system with China characteristics, people’s mediation plays a fundamental role in the diversified solution mechanism of contradictions and disputes. Statistics from the Ministry of Justice show that there are 693,000 people’s mediation committees in China, basically forming an organizational network covering urban and rural areas, key fields and key units. In 2022, the National People’s Mediation Organization mediated 14.94 million contradictions and disputes.

　　Wu Jingjing, director of the People’s Mediation Committee of Xiangyun Town, wen county City, Henan Province, has been engaged in mediation for 11 years. She said: "When people find me, they trust me. It is my goal to properly solve the troubles of the masses. "

　　In 2021, Wu Jingjing obtained the legal professional qualification certificate. In recent years, she has used her professional expertise to publicize legal knowledge, answer legal questions and write legal documents, and has received more than 2,800 legal consultations. "Mastering legal knowledge adds a kind of ability to do mass work. If it is reasonable and fair, the people will be convinced. " Wu Jingjing said.

　　Using the rule of law thinking, preventing contradictions at the source, and focusing on cultivating a profound rule of law culture. Everyone believes in Dharma, and everything is taught, so there are naturally fewer contradictions.

　　A unique mock trial was held in Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province, a demonstration training base for legal intellectuals. The protagonist of the trial was "legal intellectuals" who were mainly village cadres. In interpreting the law by case, "people who understand the law" gradually understand how to safeguard their rights and interests reasonably and legally. Since 2015, Chongren County, Fuzhou City has been exploring and cultivating a "legal understanding person" in the county, and the rural customs are one of the new ones.

　　Nowadays, the implementation of the rural (community) "people who understand the law" training project has been included in the national "Eighth Five-Year Plan". As of June this year, more than 3.83 million "people who know the law" have been trained nationwide, basically achieving full coverage of "people who know the law" in all administrative villages. They are like "seeds of the rule of law" sown. The concept of the rule of law, which is to act in accordance with the law, find ways to solve problems, and resolve contradictions by law, has taken root in rural grassroots, and the grassroots governance system combining autonomy, the rule of law and the rule of virtue has become more sound.

　　Give more prominence to the support of science and technology, and improve the grass-roots governance platform supported by grid management, refined service and information.

　　For the people, social governance should be good at combining the party’s fine traditions with new technologies and new means, and innovating mechanisms to benefit the people, do things for the people, and solve worries for the people.

　　"Someone in the community is grabbing a parking space with me, please deal with it quickly." A few days ago, Ms. Wu, who lives in Qinglongtan Community, Decheng District, Dezhou City, Shandong Province, reported a contradiction and dispute online through a small program in her mobile phone.

　　It turned out that Ms. Wu parked her car in a public parking space in the community, but neighbor Zhang Dage said that the parking space was occupied. The two men refused to give way to each other and had an argument. After receiving the situation report, the grid governance platform in Decheng District will send the order as soon as possible. The grid mediator immediately went to the scene to talk, reason and talk. In the end, things were settled properly and the two sides shook hands and made peace.

　　The unity of manpower and science and technology is one of the most distinctive features of the "Fengqiao Experience" today.

　　In recent years, in the process of adhering to and developing the "Fengqiao Experience" in the new era, many localities and departments have made full use of big data, cloud computing and other technologies to innovate the ways and means of grassroots governance, and made efforts to build a grassroots governance platform with perfect grid management, refined services and information support to make governance smarter and more efficient.

　　Kaifeng City, Henan Province has built a three-dimensional social governance supervision system with multi-network integration, realizing command, dispatch and verification anytime and anywhere, and greatly improving the efficiency of resolving contradictions and disputes;

　　The People’s Court of Huangpu District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province has developed the "e-platform for good governance of Pufa", and through online mediation, conflicts and disputes can be resolved at any time.

　　Jimei district, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, built an online platform of "Smart Jimei" social governance command center to coordinate resources from all sides and respond to the demands of the masses in a timely and efficient manner & HELIP; …

　　The best way of social governance is to eliminate contradictions before they happen. The application of scientific and technological means not only improves the efficiency of resolving contradictions and disputes, but also enhances the ability of early warning, prediction and prevention, making urban and rural areas more peaceful and the people more at ease.

　　"Liu Shuji, the intelligent prevention and control system issued a fire warning, and the location is in Cao’s compound. Please go and understand the situation immediately, and we will arrive later." Not long ago, the intelligent prevention and control system of "Pingan Village Zhihui Huinong Family" in Guantian Police Office of Zhongyi Police Station of Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County Public Security Bureau in Chongqing issued an early warning message, and the police on duty contacted Liu Chengyong, secretary of the Party branch of Pingba Village in the jurisdiction for the first time.

　　After on-the-spot investigation, it was found that the wire of Cao, a villager in the jurisdiction, was short-circuited to ignite the firewood pile. Thanks to the timely warning of the intelligent prevention and control system, the relevant personnel arrived quickly and put out the fire source in the first time to avoid losses.

　　From early warning and containing a hidden danger to judging and deploying a class of problems, many places also use big data to analyze the overall situation and outstanding problems of public security in their jurisdictions and take targeted measures.

　　A phone call from the "police" made Ms. Li in xinqiao town, Rong County, Zigong City, Sichuan Province nervous: for fear of involving a "very serious" economic case, Ms. Li went to a hotel in the county to "negotiate and solve" according to the other party’s prompt. Just as she downloaded the APP provided by the other party to prepare the transfer, the police of Xuyang Police Station of Rongxian Public Security Bureau rushed to the hotel and successfully prevented a telecom fraud.

　　What kind of people are easy to be deceived, and which area has more police situations … … Relying on the construction of public security big data application, Rongxian Public Security Bureau integrated the prevention of telecom fraud into grassroots governance, promoted the construction of "Skynet" and the creation of "smart community", quickly checked and accurately judged the clues of key personnel involved in fraud, and promptly reminded and dissuaded the deceived people.

　　Nowadays, similar intelligent platforms and intelligent terminals are widely used. Through the digitalization and informatization of the actual situation and various business work in the jurisdiction, a series of models are constructed, a series of indicators are set, and the dynamic monitoring, judgment and analysis of various potential risks are strengthened. The ability of early warning, command and dispatch and closed-loop disposal of social contradictions is effectively improved, and efforts are made to realize the transformation from "contradictions are not handed over" to "contradictions occur less and do not occur".

　　Pay more attention to social participation and improve the social governance system of co-construction, co-governance and sharing.

　　Nowadays, when you walk into Fengqiao Town, you can always see a group of people wearing red vests, walking around the streets, asking questions with the masses and helping them solve problems. Although they are different in age and occupation, they have a common name — — Red maple vigilante.

　　Since the establishment of "Hongfeng Volunteer Police" in 2017, the volunteer team has been growing all over the administrative villages of Fengqiao Town, helping to carry out public security patrols, legal publicity, dispute mediation and other work, and has been called the "new police force" of Fengqiao by the masses.

　　Grass-roots affairs are very complicated, so we can’t just rely on government departments. We must give full play to the role of all aspects of society and stimulate the vitality of the whole society. We should consult with the masses more about their affairs and everyone should participate in their affairs.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, all localities and departments have insisted on being upright and innovative, paid more attention to social participation, and further improved the social governance system of co-construction, co-governance and sharing.

　　In some places, party member has played an exemplary role, promoting in-service party member to report to the grid party branch, taking the lead in participating in community governance, carrying out volunteer service, and implementing promises and promises;

　　Some places give full play to the advantages of being close to the masses and familiar with the situation, such as grid workers and security guards, vigilantes, Xinxiang Xian, "five old people" (retired veteran cadres, veterans, experts, teachers, old models, etc.) and Ping An volunteers, extend their work tentacles and improve the effect of preventing and resolving contradictions and disputes;

　　In some places, measures such as the "points system" reward and the selection of building leaders are adopted to stimulate the enthusiasm of the masses to participate in grassroots governance, and the masses are widely mobilized to carry out voluntary service activities such as infrastructure management and protection, public security patrol prevention, conflict resolution, safety hazard investigation, and care for special people;

　　In some places, the market mechanism is used to guide market players and social organizations to take advantage of their professional advantages and participate in resolving conflicts and disputes … …

　　Nowadays, a group of prevention and treatment teams, such as "Chaoyang people" in Beijing and "alley housekeeper" in Tianjin, have continued to grow and develop, and a social governance community with everyone’s responsibility, everyone’s responsibility and everyone’s enjoyment has been gradually established.

　　Social participation should not only gather wisdom and strength, but also listen to the voice of the people and conform to public opinion.

　　"What are your opinions and suggestions on environmental improvement" and "What are the problems in industrial development" … … As night falls, in the central village of Yelaowu, Liangting Township, Huaining County, Anhui Province, the cadres and the masses sit on a stool together, talking about their parents’ shortcomings and seeking common prosperity in the countryside, thus opening a "village night talk".

　　Huaining County actively promotes the normalization and long-term effect of "village night talk", and the majority of party member cadres insist on visiting relatives and chatting among villagers, collecting village conditions and public opinions, and listening to opinions and suggestions, so that villagers can "play the leading role" in rural governance. Since the beginning of this year, "Village Nighttalk" has been held in 232 local villages (communities) for more than 1,400 times.

　　The people are the "source of living water" for grassroots social governance. Only by mobilizing the enthusiasm and initiative of the broad masses of the people to the greatest extent can we form the greatest synergy of grassroots social governance.

　　Haikou City, Hainan Province set up a "community discussion hall", Chongqing promoted "courtyard autonomy" in rural neighborhood disputes, and Yueyang City, Hunan Province carried out "judging right from wrong" … … In the process of adhering to and developing the "Fengqiao Experience" in the new era, all localities have promoted civil discussion, civil administration and civil administration, effectively guiding public opinion, rallying people’s hearts, promoting the prevention and resolution of contradictions and disputes, and forming a vivid situation in which everyone participates, everyone tries their best and everyone has a sense of accomplishment.

　　On the way forward, all localities will comprehensively study and implement the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, make unremitting efforts, and continue to write a bright chapter of the "Maple Bridge Experience" in the new era, so as to enrich the people’s sense of acquisition, happiness and security, and create a stable, United, harmonious and stable social environment for promoting Chinese modernization.

Helping cutting-edge research, supporting technological innovation, and promoting the integration of digital intelligence-

China’s scientific and technological innovation "multiplied"

In today’s era, data has become an important innovation factor. The big model of artificial intelligence, the creation of new materials, biological breeding and basic scientific research are all inseparable from the support of data.

The National Data Bureau and other 17 departments recently issued the "Three-year Action Plan for Data Elements ×" (2024-2026), which clearly launched the "Data Elements× Scientific and Technological Innovation" action, and expounded the data from the aspects of promoting the orderly and open sharing of scientific data, strengthening the construction and scene application of high-quality scientific data resources, supporting frontier research with scientific data, supporting technological innovation with scientific data, supporting large-scale model development with scientific data, and exploring new research paradigms.

From supporting basic research, to helping the development of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, and then to promoting the reform of scientific research methods, China’s scientific and technological innovation is multiplying by the "East Wind" of the three-year action plan of "Data Elements ×".

Build "software and hardware"

It is one of the important goals of the "Data Elements × Science and Technology Innovation" action to share the dynamic scientific data in an orderly and open manner, to promote the interconnection of various scientific data generated by major scientific and technological infrastructure and major scientific and technological projects, to support and cultivate the construction of scientific databases with international influence, and to strengthen the construction of high-quality scientific data resources and scene application by relying on platforms such as the National Science Data Center.

Relevant "software and hardware" have been built, and all localities are actively deploying them.

In 2024, Beijing will promote a number of major projects such as computing centers, data training bases and national blockchain hub nodes.

Jiangsu will systematically promote the scale deployment of 5G and Gigabit optical networks, support the construction of Suzhou national Internet backbone direct connection points, and accelerate the layout of computing facilities such as intelligent computing power and edge computing.

Sichuan proposes to moderately advance the construction of digital information infrastructure, speed up the construction of the national hub node of the "east-to-west calculation" project, build the province’s computing power dispatching service platform, and build an integrated computing network development system with computing power, storage power and transportation capacity.

Shandong proposes to deploy high-performance intelligent computing centers, and make overall arrangements for general and vertical large-scale model computing power. More than 25 provincial-level new data centers with a level of 5A have been built, with the proportion of intelligent computing power reaching 30%, and the "Shandong Computing Network" has been built. Support Jining to build Lunan Computing Center. In-depth implementation of the "Double Gigabit" network system project, creating more than 500 typical application projects and opening 40,000 new 5G base stations.

"Hardware" facilities are strengthened, and "software" facilities also need to be upgraded.

"The Internet is a platform for data circulation and convergence, and it is the key to infrastructure in the digital economy era." Mei Hong, an academician of China Academy of Sciences, said that it is necessary to speed up the construction of new infrastructure such as digital networking and data space.

In 2021, China Academy of Sciences released an open and universal platform for storing and publishing scientific data with international service capability-ScienceDB.

The Scientific Data Bank, independently developed by the Computer Network Information Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences, is a paper-related data storage platform, which can provide efficient solutions for the aggregation, management, opening and sharing of paper-related data, and provide a platform and service guarantee for implementing scientific research integrity, cultivating sharing culture, accelerating data circulation and promoting international cooperation.

Scientific researchers can store and publish their collected scientific data in the scientific data bank, and the scientific data bank can concentrate the data resources scattered in individuals and collectives by absorbing "data deposits", "turning small money into big money and turning dead money into living money", making it easier to be discovered, accessed, interoperated and reused. At the same time, before academic papers are submitted, researchers can also upload the paper data to the scientific data bank.

As of February 2 this year, the Scientific Data Bank has collected more than 8.2 million open data sets, with more than 700 million platform visits.

Develop a large model

Developing artificial intelligence model is another important goal of "data elements × scientific and technological innovation".

The "Three-year Action Plan for Data Elements ×" (2024-2026) proposes that the development of large models should be supported by scientific data, and all kinds of scientific data and scientific literature should be deeply excavated. Through fine-grained knowledge extraction and multi-source knowledge fusion, the base of scientific knowledge resources should be built, and high-quality corpora and basic scientific data sets should be built to support the development and training of artificial intelligence large models.

In recent years, China has a good computing power foundation and a broad market in the field of large models, and domestic large models frequently appear and accelerate iteration. According to the data of CCID Research Institute of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, there are more than 19 large language model research and development manufacturers in China, among which 15 manufacturers’ model products have been put on record.

With the general abilities of language understanding, logical reasoning, knowledge question-and-answer and text generation, these large language model products are welcomed by users once they are launched.

"Scientific and technological innovation has achieved new breakthroughs. The iFLYTEK Spark Cognitive Model is at the national leading level. " This is a sentence written in this year’s "Government Work Report" of Anhui Province.

IFLYTEK Spark is a new generation cognitive model officially released by Iflytek Company in May, 2023. Since its release, it has experienced many iterations, constantly upgrading the technical base of core competence and continuously empowering all walks of life. At present, iFLYTEK Spark has been affirmed in many evaluations by the National Research Institute of the State Council Development Research Center and the China Enterprise Development Research Center of Xinhua News Agency Research Center, and is known as a high-quality domestic model in China.

"Only by building the big model on a completely autonomous and controllable platform can we firmly grasp the development initiative in the era of general artificial intelligence in our own hands." Liu Cong, president of Iflytek Research Institute, told this reporter. In October, 2023, at the Iflytek Global 1024 Developers Festival, Iflytek announced that it would cooperate with Huawei to build the "Feixing No.1" platform for the domestic large-scale model computing base. On this basis, the iFLYTEK Spark model started a larger-scale training.

At present, iFLYTEK Spark V3.5 based on "Feixing No.1" has completed the training and was released on January 30th. The upgraded iFLYTEK Spark V3.5 has significantly improved its abilities in logical reasoning, language understanding, text generation, mathematical answering, multi-modal and so on. At the same time, iFLYTEK also released the Spark Voice Model and the Open Source Model.

"The big model has brought new opportunities for the development of voice technology." Liu Cong said. Making machines have the ability of learning, reasoning and decision-making is the main task of cognitive model.

"We believe that there may be the following four trends in the development of artificial intelligence models in the future." Liu Cong told this reporter, "The first is multimodal and multilingual. From the perspective of the future development of general artificial intelligence, cognitive intelligence model is the core foundation. Based on this, other data such as voice, image and video can be aligned into a unified semantic space, and multi-modal system presentation can be realized by combining plug-in tools. The second is believable and explainable. This needs to ensure the quality of the source of massive data, the capability of the large model itself and the continuous optimization iteration of the system scheme, plus the escort of regulatory policies and laws and regulations issued by the state. The third is to develop in the direction of systematic innovation. There are precedents of products and applications in the field of AI (Artificial Intelligence) based on the combination of single-point technologies. With the support of large-scale model capabilities, we need to combine a variety of superior technologies to carry out systematic innovation and pay attention to the moat effect it brings. The fourth is the all-localization development of software and hardware. At present, iFLYTEK has invested and deeply participated in the ecological construction of domestic AI chip software, and has made certain gains and progress on the training side and reasoning side. "

Promote the integration of numbers and intelligence

Intelligent retrieval, keyword screening, and access to the latest medical information … With the convenient functions brought by big data and artificial intelligence, users can easily experience these services with their fingers. In October, 2023, the standard Yunxiang Station of Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province was officially launched, providing enterprises with genuine, real-time updated and more user-friendly information service support with millions of standard data.

This is an innovative practice of Taizhou to promote the deep integration of digital and intelligent technologies and standards. Throughout Taizhou’s medical and health industry, from online to offline, from "laboratory" to "workshop", the achievements of "intelligent transformation and digital transformation" have moved towards "production line".

Entering the small-volume injection production workshop of Jiangsu Datong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. in Taizhou Pharmaceutical High-tech Zone (gaogang district), the automatic production line operates in an orderly manner, and the drug production is efficient, accurate and stable; Through a series of measures such as "replacing machines" and integrated management of information systems, the production plants under Yangzijiang Pharmaceutical Group make the whole process of production more intelligent and digital. Jiangsu Longfengtang Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd. has formed a complete set of modern solutions from pre-treatment to extraction of Chinese herbal medicines, and has created a model of "changing wisdom into several turns" in the field of standardization construction of intelligent manufacturing of Chinese herbal medicines.

The practice in Taizhou shows that at present, data has become an important factor in the medical and health industry, and digital technology has also become a necessary tool for the innovative development of biomedicine. The integration of mathematics and intelligence is indispensable to the innovation and development of the medical and health industry.

In the action of "data elements × scientific and technological innovation", promoting the integration of digital intelligence is also one of the important measures. The "Three-year Action Plan for Data Elements ×" (2024-2026) proposes that scientific data should support technological innovation, focus on biological breeding, new material creation, drug research and development, and accelerate technological innovation and industrial upgrading through the integration of numbers and intelligence.

In recent years, the integration, iteration and diffusion of a new generation of digital intelligence technologies, such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, deep learning, and Internet of Things, have penetrated into R&D, design, manufacturing, customer service and other links, bringing all-round, all-round and full-chain transformation to production technologies and production methods, comprehensively improving the automation, digitalization and intelligence level of the industry, and providing a key driving force for promoting the integration of digital intelligence applications and accelerating the formation of new quality productivity.

Qian Xiaojing, a professor at the School of Economics and Management of Northwest University, believes that data elements, as a new key production factor stored and processed by computer equipment in intangible form in the digital economy era, have the technical and economic characteristics of non-competitiveness, low copying cost, non-exclusiveness and strong externality, and can be reused by different subjects, generating the fusion value of "data+algorithm+computing power" through deconstruction and reorganization, convergence and integration, which provides basic and important resources for consolidating the internal form of digital intelligence integration and accelerating the formation of new quality productivity.

"On the one hand, the organic integration of data elements and traditional production factors has enriched the expression of digital intelligence integration and changed the way of digital intelligence integration from geographical space to digital space." Qian Xiaojing said, "On the other hand, data elements play the role of’ media’ in the reconfiguration and recombination of traditional production factors, resulting in a new factor processing model and a new form of digital intelligence integration."

　On December 22nd, a new generation of intelligent decision-making meteorological service information system 3.0(MESIS3.0) was officially put into operation, which will strongly support the construction and interaction of national and provincial integrated decision-making service business systems.

The system is developed and constructed based on the cloud+end business model, covering the whole process of decision-making service. Based on the basic functions of making decision-making meteorological information analysis and processing products, it enhances the multi-scenario decision-making meteorological service functions such as comprehensive display of development forecast and early warning, key monitoring of sudden disasters, special support for major events, and comprehensive service of emergency accidents, realizing multi-dimensional statistical analysis and mining based on meteorological big data, and supporting the impact assessment of various disasters such as rainstorm, typhoon and high temperature. It has the functions of multi-source information-driven intelligent perception, intelligent judgment of meteorological service process and intelligent processing of products based on AI technology, which greatly improves the efficiency of decision-making meteorological service.

The system has been tested and applied in the National Meteorological Center since the flood season last year, and it was put into trial operation in April this year. It has played an important role in the weather process such as rainstorm, high temperature, typhoon and cold wave since the flood season, and played a supporting role in the major meteorological service guarantee such as the Beijing Winter Olympics.

(Author: Zhou Chuxuan Lu Zhongliang Minglu Zhang Editor: Zhang Lin)

　　Bananas have different maturity and different health effects on human body. The Japanese beauty and health network "Beauty Ranger" introduced this.

　　Green banana loses weight.Professor Yo Kato Zhi of Hirosaki University found that immature green banana is rich in "indigestible starch" and its glycemic index is lower. In other words, the greener the banana, the lower the calorie intake, which is more beneficial to weight control.

　　Yellow banana beauty.People who want to beautify their skin are recommended to eat bananas with yellow skin. Bananas of this color are ripe and contain more vitamin B2 and vitamin B6, which has a good effect on preventing and treating skin problems. Professor Okubo Yiliang of Tohoku University found that yellow banana has a strong antioxidant effect, which can effectively remove free radicals from the human body, thus achieving a cosmetic effect.

　　Bananas with brown skin help digestion.Ripe bananas often have black spots or brownish skin. Studies show that this kind of brown banana contains phospholipids that are rare in fruits and has the effect of inhibiting gastric ulcer. Therefore, people who usually have a bad appetite may wish to eat brown bananas to help digestion. ▲ (Life Times special correspondent Yao Lijie)

On November 9th, Auto announced that its global users will reach 500,000, and at the same time, it will be the fourth anniversary of its launch. For this reason, Euler Auto launched the "Euler Good Cat Anniversary Edition", with a guide price of 129,800 yuan and a limited sales of 520 units.

The design and configuration of the anniversary edition of Euler Good Cat have been adjusted a number of times. The body color is "Sailimu Lake Blue" and the roof is matched with "Siam Black". In addition, the model is also equipped with a "Shadow Elf" appearance kit, including a black front fog light area decorative cover, a black exterior rearview mirror, a black headlight decorative cover and a yellow brake caliper.

In terms of technology, according to the introduction of car companies, the new car "Sailimu Lake Blue" car paint adopts an eight-coating process, which can automatically repair tiny scratches, effectively filter ultraviolet rays and slow down the aging and fading speed of car paint. In terms of interior, the Euler Good Cat Anniversary Edition adopts a green and gray contrast design.

According to statistics, during the four years since its listing, Euler Good Cat has entered the markets of 50 countries and regions, and the global cumulative sales volume has exceeded 260,000, and Euler Auto will continuously optimize its products according to users’ opinions and suggestions. Car companies have launched the "Good Cat Co-creation Officer" program before, and users not only have the opportunity to participate in the co-creation activities of modification and peripheral products, but also can integrate personal suggestions and ideas into the research and development of new cars. This model enables Euler Auto to establish closer contact with users and jointly promote product improvement and innovation.

I still remember that in August 2023, Euler Auto launched the 2023 Euler Good Cat and Good Cat GT Honorable Model. It is reported that these two models were also born on the basis of deep creation with users. The anniversary edition of Euler Good Cat released this time, the company introduced that it is also another product jointly created by Euler Auto and users. Euler Good Cat said: Success is inseparable from users. In the process of interaction with users, brand loyalty has been enhanced, and it has also brought impetus to continuous innovation and improvement of products.

In terms of marketing, Euler Auto told the media that it interacts with users through online and offline channels. Online, Euler Auto uses social media platforms and official websites to publish product information, user stories and interactive activities to enhance user stickiness; Offline, Euler Auto allows users to experience the products by holding test drive activities, auto shows and user meetings.

In terms of intelligence, Euler Good Cat is equipped with intelligent driving assistance system and intelligent interconnection function to provide a safer and more convenient driving experience. At the same time, Euler Auto is constantly exploring new intelligent technologies and upgrading them to enhance the demand for intelligent travel.

Facing the future, Euler Auto also said that it will continue to focus on users and increase R&D investment in new energy, intelligence and networking. At the same time, it will actively expand the international market and promote the global development of brands.

In addition, Euler Auto also said that it will be committed to promoting the popularization of green travel and low-carbon lifestyle, and reducing the energy consumption and emissions of vehicles through technological innovation and product optimization. At the same time, he said that he would actively participate in social welfare activities, give back to the society and show the sense of social responsibility of enterprises.

Written at the end, the anniversary edition of Euler Good Cat is not only a celebration for nearly 500,000 global users, but also a manifestation of co-creation with users. While enhancing brand power and product power, Euler Automobile promotes innovation and development, and promotes intelligent development and green travel popularization.

The state policy has been further liberalized for the society to run medical services.

On May 22, the executive meeting of the State Council proposed to further expand the space for social medical treatment, and the government did not make planning restrictions on the total amount and spatial layout of social medical treatment areas; Allow on-the-job or unpaid medical personnel to apply for medical institutions; To improve the efficiency of examination and approval, all localities should establish a cross-departmental linkage examination and approval mechanism for social medical services before the end of the year. This year and next, we will carry out pilot projects of clinic filing management in 10 cities including Beijing, Shanghai and Shenyang to further promote the sustainable, healthy and standardized development of social medical services, increase the supply of medical services and improve people’s livelihood.

The meeting pointed out that social doctors can obtain land use rights through allocation, agreement transfer, leasing, etc., and can enjoy tax incentives for small and micro enterprises and high-tech enterprises according to regulations, and enjoy the same treatment as public hospitals in terms of hospital grade evaluation and professional and technical personnel title evaluation. Support social medical institutions to cooperate with public medical institutions to develop "Internet+medical health", carry out telemedicine cooperation, and share medical inspection, imaging and other services. Support the society to run medical services and give priority to undertaking rehabilitation and nursing services in tertiary public hospitals.

The reason why people frequently help the society to run medical services is related to the uneven distribution of medical resources in China, and the accessibility of medical resources is still problematic. In order to solve the problem of difficult medical treatment, social medical treatment is expected to become a powerful supplement.

It is understood that at present, there are nearly 220,000 clinics registered and actually operating in China, with an average of more than 7,000 clinics in each province. The average number of practitioners in the clinic is 2.6, including 1.4 doctors and 1.2 nurses. The diagnosis and treatment of common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases in internal medicine, stomatology, internal medicine of traditional Chinese medicine, surgery of traditional Chinese medicine, orthopedics and gynecology account for more than 90% of the clinic business, and play an important role in primary medical services.

However, the development of clinics is facing major problems such as shortage of human resources, low medical service capacity and difficulties in industry supervision.

"The document stipulates that you can only apply for a clinic if you are above the intermediate level and have been practicing in a medical institution for five years. This condition is challenging in itself. First of all, doctors in big hospitals have no motivation to run clinics. It is normal to go out for a clinic and give a lecture. But once they go out to run clinics and practice more, not only the dean is unwilling, but also they take risks, not to mention the doctors in big hospitals have better income and insufficient motivation to come out. Most of the people who want to run clinics are hospitals below the second level, and the places with great demand for clinics are mostly areas at or below the county level. However, this condition is also harsh for them. Many doctors in township hospitals have few doctor qualification certificates. " A doctor at a local clinic said.

According to the above-mentioned clinic doctors, at present, the clinic’s medical information can’t be docked with township hospitals and county hospitals, and only the patient’s information exists in their own computers. However, there are also problems in the transfer level, which can only be transferred through the 120 system, and cannot be directly transferred from the clinic to the higher-level hospital.

In order to further clarify the role and functional orientation of clinics and give play to the important role of clinics in the medical service system, National Health Commission recently issued the Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Development of Clinics (hereinafter referred to as the Guiding Opinions). It is planned to use two years to carry out the pilot work of clinic construction in 10 cities including Beijing, Shenyang, Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu and Xi ‘an, and improve the clinics according to the pilot experience.

The above Guiding Opinions simplified the access procedures of clinics, canceled the planning restrictions on setting up clinics, and changed the clinics from practicing licenses to filing management. Revise the basic standards of the clinic, and adjust it from focusing on the examination of equipment and facilities to the examination of doctors’ qualifications and abilities. At the same time, doctors who have been practicing in medical institutions for five years and obtained intermediate or above titles are encouraged to set up specialized clinics full-time or part-time. Encourage the inclusion of clinics in the construction of medical associations, support the large-scale and group development of clinics, and form a standardized and standardized management and service model. Put forward clear requirements for information supervision of clinics. At the same time, the clinic is required to establish an electronic medical record system, standardize the writing and management of medical documents, and ensure the medical quality and safety of the clinic. (Ma Xiaohua)

　

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, January 10th (Reporter Hu Zhe, Bai Guolong) After four rounds of argumentation by more than 1,000 high-level experts, 15 project proposals were condensed and formed, and the "Science and Technology Innovation 2030— Work arrangement for the implementation plan of major projects … … At the 2017 National Science and Technology Work Conference held on the 10th, Wan Gang, Vice Chairman of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and Minister of Science and Technology, said that China’s "Science and Technology Innovation 2030— The selection of major projects has been officially confirmed, and the preparation of implementation plans for four major projects, quantum communication and quantum computer, brain science and brain-like research, deep-sea space station and integration of heaven and earth, has been fully launched.

　　In the first year of the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan", China’s scientific and technological strength and innovation ability have been further enhanced, and major scientific and technological achievements have been highlighted. The achievements of quantum communication, aerospace, deep-sea polar regions, supercomputing, and fourth-generation nuclear power are "resounding and numerous" in the world. According to the "three-step" strategic path mentioned in the Outline of National Innovation-Driven Development Strategy, China will enter the ranks of innovative countries in 2020, enter the forefront of innovative countries in 2030 and become a world science and technology power in 2050.

　　The "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" is not only a key stage to achieve the first step, but also an important period to lay the foundation for the second and third steps. Wan Gang pointed out that compared with the goal of building a world science and technology power, we still have a big gap: the original innovation ability in important scientific and technological fields needs to be improved urgently, and there are relatively few key core technologies at the leading level; World-class universities, research institutes, innovative leading enterprises, top scientists and innovative entrepreneurs are not enough, and the development of innovation among regions is unbalanced. The supporting and leading role of scientific and technological innovation in economic and social development needs to be strengthened.

　　After years of savings, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is more and more clearly presented to us, and subversive technologies are constantly emerging. Wan Gang said that speeding up the implementation of a number of major projects that have a bearing on the overall situation and the long term will help China to catch up with and lead the new direction of world science and technology, grasp the strategic initiative of a new round of global science and technology competition, and realize the strategic transformation from running parallel to leading.

　　According to the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Science and Technology, in accordance with the principle of "one policy", this "scientific and technological innovation 2030— Major projects will innovate organizational implementation methods, strengthen the dominant position of enterprises, and study and put forward policies, measures and incentive mechanisms to encourage local, enterprise and social forces to participate. At present, proposals for major projects such as deep exploration are being studied and demonstrated, and special plans for artificial intelligence are being accelerated.

　　(On July 5th, 1994, the 8th meeting of the 8th the NPC Standing Committee passed the first amendment according to the Decision on Amending the Urban Real Estate Management Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) of the 29th meeting of the 10th the NPC Standing Committee on August 30th, 2007, and the second amendment according to the Decision on Amending Some Laws of the 10th meeting of the 11th the NPC Standing Committee on August 27th, 2009. The amendment is based on the Decision on Amending the Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Urban Real Estate Administration Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) at the 12th meeting of the 13th the NPC Standing Committee on August 26th, 2019).

　　Catalogue

　　Chapter I General Provisions

　　Chapter II Land for Real Estate Development

　　Section 1 Transfer of Land Use Rights

　　Section 2 Allocation of Land Use Rights

　　Chapter III Real Estate Development

　　Chapter IV Real Estate Transactions

　　Section 1 General Provisions

　　Section 2 Transfer of Real Estate

　　Section 3 Real Estate Mortgage

　　Section 4 Housing Lease

　　Section 5 Intermediary service institutions

　　Chapter V Registration Management of Real Estate Ownership

　　Chapter VI Legal Liability

　　Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

　　Chapter I General Provisions

　　Article 1 This Law is formulated with a view to strengthening the management of urban real estate, maintaining the order of the real estate market, safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of real estate owners and promoting the healthy development of the real estate industry.

　　Article 2 This Law shall be observed in obtaining the land use right of real estate development land, engaging in real estate development, real estate transaction and real estate management within the state-owned land in People’s Republic of China (PRC) urban planning area (hereinafter referred to as state-owned land).

　　The term "houses" as mentioned in this Law refers to buildings and structures such as houses on land.

　　The term "real estate development" as mentioned in this Law refers to the construction of infrastructure and houses on the land that has obtained the right to use state-owned land according to this Law.

　　Real estate transactions mentioned in this Law include real estate transfer, real estate mortgage and house lease.

　　Article 3 The state practices a system of paid and limited use of state-owned land according to law. However, unless the state allocates the right to use state-owned land within the scope prescribed by this law.

　　Article 4 The state shall, according to the level of social and economic development, support the development of residential buildings and gradually improve the living conditions of residents.

　　Fifth real estate owners should abide by laws and administrative regulations and pay taxes according to law. The legitimate rights and interests of real estate owners are protected by law, and no unit or individual may infringe upon them.

　　Article 6 In order to meet the needs of public interests, the state may expropriate the houses of units and individuals on state-owned land, and give compensation for demolition according to law, so as to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the expropriated person; Where individual houses are expropriated, the living conditions of the expropriated person shall also be guaranteed. The specific measures shall be formulated by the State Council.

　　Seventh the State Council construction administrative departments and land management departments shall, in accordance with the division of functions and powers stipulated by the State Council, carry out their duties and cooperate closely to manage the national real estate work.

　　The establishment of the real estate management and land management departments of local people’s governments at or above the county level and their functions and powers shall be determined by the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.

　　Chapter II Land for Real Estate Development

　　Section 1 Transfer of Land Use Rights

　　Article 8 Transfer of land use right refers to the act that the state transfers the state-owned land use right (hereinafter referred to as land use right) to land users within a certain period of time, and the land users pay the land use right transfer fee to the state.

　　Article 9 The right to use the collectively-owned land in a planned urban area can only be transferred with compensation after it has been expropriated and turned into state-owned land according to law, except as otherwise provided by law.

　　Article 10 The assignment of land use rights must conform to the overall land use planning, urban planning and annual construction land plan.

　　Article 11 Where a local people’s government at or above the county level transfers the land use right for real estate development, it shall draw up an annual plan for transferring the total area of land use right according to the control indicators issued by the people’s government at or above the provincial level, and submit it to the State Council or the provincial people’s government for approval in accordance with the provisions of the State Council.

　　Twelfth land use rights transfer, by the city and county people’s government in a planned and step-by-step manner. The land management department of the people’s government of the city or county shall, jointly with the urban planning, construction and real estate management departments, draw up a plan for each plot, use, life and other conditions, and implement it after being approved by the people’s government with the right of approval in accordance with the provisions of the State Council.

　　The exercise of the powers prescribed in the preceding paragraph by the county people’s governments of municipalities directly under the Central Government and their relevant departments shall be prescribed by the people’s governments of municipalities directly under the Central Government.

　　Thirteenth transfer of land use rights, can take the form of auction, bidding or mutual agreement.

　　Commercial, tourism, entertainment and luxury residential land, conditional, must be taken by auction and tender; If auction or tender cannot be adopted without conditions, it can be agreed by both parties.

　　The transfer fee for transferring the land use right by mutual agreement shall not be lower than the lowest price determined by the state.

　　Article 14 The maximum term of assignment of land use rights shall be stipulated by the State Council.

　　Fifteenth transfer of land use rights, a written transfer contract shall be signed.

　　The land use right transfer contract is signed by the land management department of the people’s government of the city or county and the land user.

　　Sixteenth land users must pay the transfer fee for land use rights in accordance with the transfer contract; Failing to pay the transfer fee for the land use right as agreed in the transfer contract, the land management department has the right to terminate the contract and may request compensation for breach of contract.

　　Seventeenth land users in accordance with the transfer contract to pay the transfer fee of land use rights, the land management department of the people’s government of the city or county must provide the land sold in accordance with the transfer contract; If the leased land is not provided in accordance with the transfer contract, the land user has the right to terminate the contract, and the land management department will return the land use right transfer fee, and the land user may also request compensation for breach of contract.

　　Article 18 If a land user needs to change the land use agreed in the land use right transfer contract, he must obtain the consent of the transferor and the competent department of urban planning administration of the municipal or county people’s government, sign an agreement on the change of the land use right transfer contract or re-sign the land use right transfer contract, and adjust the land use right transfer fee accordingly.

　　Nineteenth land use rights transfer fees should be turned over to the finance, included in the budget, for urban infrastructure construction and land development. The specific measures for the payment and use of land use right transfer fees shall be formulated by the State Council.

　　Article 20 The state shall not take back the land use right legally obtained by land users before the expiration of the service life stipulated in the transfer contract; Under special circumstances, according to the needs of social public interests, it can be recovered in advance in accordance with legal procedures, and corresponding compensation can be given according to the actual years of land use and the actual situation of land development by land users.

　　Twenty-first land use rights shall be terminated due to the loss of land.

　　Twenty-second land use rights transfer contract expires, the land users need to continue to use the land, should apply for renewal at the latest one year before the expiration, except for the need to recover the land according to social and public interests, it should be approved. If the renewal is approved, the land use right transfer contract shall be re-signed and the land use right transfer fee shall be paid in accordance with the regulations.

　　The land use right transfer contract expires, and the land user fails to apply for renewal, or if the application for renewal is not approved in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the land use right shall be recovered by the state free of charge.

　　Section 2 Allocation of Land Use Rights

　　Article 23 The allocation of land use right refers to the act that the people’s government at or above the county level approves the land user to use it after paying compensation, resettlement and other expenses, or the land use right is delivered to the land user for free.

　　Unless otherwise provided by laws and administrative regulations, there is no restriction on the term of use if the land use right is obtained by allocation in accordance with the provisions of this Law.

　　Twenty-fourth the following construction land use rights, which are really necessary, can be approved by the people’s governments at or above the county level according to law:

　　(a) land for state organs and military use;

　　(2) Land for urban infrastructure and public welfare undertakings;

　　(3) Land for energy, transportation, water conservancy and other projects supported by the state;

　　(four) other land as prescribed by laws and administrative regulations.

　　Chapter III Real Estate Development

　　Twenty-fifth real estate development must strictly implement urban planning, and implement comprehensive planning, rational layout, comprehensive development and supporting construction in accordance with the principle of unity of economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits.

　　Twenty-sixth to obtain land use rights for real estate development by means of transfer, the land must be developed in accordance with the land use and the development period agreed in the land use right transfer contract. If the development has not started for one year beyond the date agreed in the transfer contract, a land idle fee equivalent to less than 20% of the transfer fee for land use rights may be levied; If the development has not started for two years, the land use right can be recovered free of charge; However, unless the commencement of development is delayed due to force majeure or the actions of the government and relevant government departments or the preliminary work necessary for the commencement of development.

　　Article 27 The design and construction of real estate development projects must conform to the relevant national standards and norms.

　　Real estate development projects can only be delivered after they are completed and accepted.

　　Article 28 Land use rights obtained according to law may be invested in shares at a fixed price for joint venture and cooperation in the development and operation of real estate in accordance with this Law and relevant laws and administrative regulations.

　　Article 29 The State shall adopt preferential measures such as taxation to encourage and support real estate development enterprises to develop and build residential houses.

　　Thirtieth real estate development enterprises are enterprises engaged in real estate development and management for the purpose of making profits. The establishment of a real estate development enterprise shall meet the following conditions:

　　(1) Having its own name and organization;

　　(2) Having a fixed business place;

　　(3) Having a registered capital meeting the requirements of the State Council;

　　(four) there are enough professional and technical personnel;

　　(5) Other conditions stipulated by laws and administrative regulations.

　　The establishment of a real estate development enterprise shall apply to the administrative department for industry and commerce for registration of establishment. The administrative department for industry and commerce shall register and issue a business license to those who meet the requirements stipulated in this law; Those who do not meet the requirements stipulated in this law shall not be registered.

　　Where a limited liability company or a joint stock limited company is established to engage in real estate development and operation, the relevant provisions of the Company Law shall also be implemented.

　　A real estate development enterprise shall, within one month after receiving its business license, go to the department designated by the local people’s government at or above the county level where the registration authority is located for the record.

　　Thirty-first real estate development enterprises registered capital and total investment ratio shall comply with the relevant provisions of the state.

　　If a real estate development enterprise develops real estate by stages, the amount of investment by stages shall be commensurate with the scale of the project, and in accordance with the stipulations of the land use right transfer contract, it shall invest funds on schedule for the project construction.

　　Chapter IV Real Estate Transactions

　　Section 1 General Provisions

　　Article 32 When real estate is transferred or mortgaged, the ownership of the house and the land use right within the occupied area of the house shall be transferred and mortgaged at the same time.

　　Thirty-third benchmark land price, demarcation land price and the replacement price of all kinds of houses shall be determined and published regularly. The specific measures shall be formulated by the State Council.

　　Article 34 The State practices a real estate price appraisal system.

　　The evaluation of real estate price should follow the principles of justice, fairness and openness, and be based on the benchmark land price, the calibrated land price and the replacement price of various houses with reference to the local market price in accordance with the technical standards and evaluation procedures stipulated by the state.

　　Article 35 The State implements the system of declaring the transaction price of real estate.

　　When transferring real estate, the owner of real estate shall truthfully declare the transaction price to the department specified by the local people’s government at or above the county level, and shall not conceal or make false declaration.

　　Article 36 When transferring or mortgaging real estate, the parties concerned shall register the ownership in accordance with the provisions of Chapter V of this Law.

　　Section 2 Transfer of Real Estate

　　Article 37 The transfer of real estate refers to the act that the owner of real estate transfers his real estate to others through sale, gift or other legal means.

　　Article 38 The following real estates may not be transferred:

　　(a) the land use right is obtained by means of transfer, which does not meet the conditions stipulated in Article 39 of this Law;

　　(two) the judicial organs and administrative organs have ruled or decided to seal up or restrict the real estate rights in other forms according to law;

　　(three) to recover the land use right according to law;

　　(four) a total of real estate, without the written consent of other co-owners;

　　(five) the ownership is controversial;

　　(six) failing to register and obtain the ownership certificate according to law;

　　(seven) other circumstances in which the transfer is prohibited by laws and administrative regulations.

　　Thirty-ninth to obtain land use rights by way of transfer, the transfer of real estate, shall meet the following conditions:

　　(a) according to the transfer contract, all the land use right transfer fees have been paid, and the land use right certificate has been obtained;

　　(two) in accordance with the transfer contract agreed to invest in development, which belongs to housing construction projects, more than 25% of the total investment in development, which belongs to the development of land in pieces, forming industrial land or other construction land conditions.

　　If the house has been built when the real estate is transferred, it shall also hold the house ownership certificate.

　　Fortieth, if the land use right is obtained by allocation, the transfer of real estate shall be reported to the people’s government with the right of approval for examination and approval in accordance with the provisions of the State Council. If the people’s government with the approval authority approves the transfer, the transferee shall go through the formalities for transferring the land use right and pay the transfer fee for the land use right in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state.

　　If the land use right is obtained by means of allocation, and the people’s government with the right of approval decides not to go through the formalities of transferring the land use right when the real estate is transferred for approval, the transferor shall turn over the land proceeds from the transfer of real estate to the state or make other treatments in accordance with the provisions of the State Council.

　　Forty-first real estate transfer, a written transfer contract shall be signed, and the contract shall specify the way to obtain the land use right.

　　Forty-second when the real estate is transferred, the rights and obligations specified in the land use right transfer contract will be transferred accordingly.

　　Article 43 If the land use right is obtained by means of transfer, after the transfer of real estate, the service life of the land use right shall be the remaining service life after deducting the service life agreed in the original land use right transfer contract from the service life of the original land user.

　　Article 44 If the land use right is obtained by transfer, and the transferee changes the land use agreed in the original land use right transfer contract after the transfer of real estate, it must obtain the consent of the original transferor and the competent department of urban planning administration of the people’s government of the city or county, sign an agreement on the change of the land use right transfer contract or re-sign the land use right transfer contract, and adjust the land use right transfer fee accordingly.

　　Article 45 The pre-sale of commercial housing shall meet the following conditions:

　　(a) has paid all the land use right transfer fees and obtained the land use right certificate;

　　(2) Holding a construction project planning permit;

　　(three) according to the pre-sale of commercial housing, the investment in development and construction has reached more than 25% of the total investment in engineering construction, and the construction progress and completion delivery date have been determined;

　　(four) to handle the pre-sale registration with the real estate management department of the people’s government at or above the county level, and obtain the pre-sale permit certificate of commercial housing.

　　The pre-sale of commercial housing shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, report the pre-sale contract to the real estate management department and land management department of the people’s government at or above the county level for registration.

　　The proceeds from the pre-sale of commercial housing must be used for related engineering construction.

　　Forty-sixth commercial housing pre-sale, commercial housing pre-buyers will buy unfinished pre-sale commercial housing re-transfer, by the the State Council.

　　Section 3 Real Estate Mortgage

　　Article 47 The mortgage of real estate refers to the act that the mortgagor provides the mortgagee with the debt performance guarantee with his legal real estate without transferring possession. When the debtor fails to perform his debts, the mortgagee has the right to be paid in priority with the proceeds from the auction of mortgaged real estate according to law.

　　Article 48 A legally acquired house ownership together with the land use right within the occupied area of the house may be mortgaged.

　　The right to use the land obtained by means of transfer may be mortgaged.

　　Forty-ninth real estate mortgage shall be handled with the certificate of land use right and the certificate of house ownership.

　　Fiftieth real estate mortgage, the mortgagor and the mortgagee shall sign a written mortgage contract.

　　Article 51 The right to use the land for mortgage of real estate is obtained by allocation. After auctioning the real estate according to law, the mortgagee shall be paid the amount equivalent to the payable land use right transfer fee from the auction price.

　　Fifty-second after the signing of the real estate mortgage contract, the new houses on the land do not belong to the mortgaged property. When the mortgaged real estate needs to be auctioned, the newly-added houses on the land can be auctioned together with the mortgaged property according to law, but the mortgagee has no right to be compensated in priority for the income from the auction of newly-added houses.

　　Section 4 Housing Lease

　　Article 53 Lease of a house refers to the act that the owner of the house, as the lessor, rents his house to the lessee for use, and the lessee pays the rent to the lessor.

　　Article 54 For house leasing, the lessor and the lessee shall sign a written lease contract, stipulating the lease term, lease purpose, lease price, repair responsibility, and other rights and obligations of both parties, and register with the real estate management department for the record.

　　Article 55 The lease of residential houses shall be subject to the lease policy stipulated by the state and the people’s government of the city where the houses are located. Rental housing engaged in production and business activities, the rental and other lease terms agreed by both parties.

　　Article 56 For the purpose of making profits, if the house owner rents out the house built on the state-owned land that has obtained the right to use by allocation, he shall turn over the land income contained in the rent to the state. The specific measures shall be formulated by the State Council.

　　Section 5 Intermediary service institutions

　　Fifty-seventh real estate intermediary service agencies include real estate consulting agencies, real estate price assessment agencies, real estate brokerage agencies and so on.

　　Article 58 A real estate intermediary service institution shall meet the following conditions:

　　(1) Having its own name and organization;

　　(2) Having a fixed service place;

　　(3) Having necessary property and funds;

　　(4) Having a sufficient number of professionals;

　　(5) Other conditions stipulated by laws and administrative regulations.

　　The establishment of a real estate intermediary service institution shall apply to the administrative department for industry and commerce for registration of establishment and obtain a business license before it can start business.

　　Article 59 The State practices the qualification certification system for real estate appraisers.

　　Chapter V Registration Management of Real Estate Ownership

　　Article 60 The state practices a system of registration and certification of land use rights and house ownership.

　　Article 61 To obtain the land use right by transfer or allocation, an application for registration shall be made to the land administration department of the local people’s government at or above the county level. After verification by the land administration department of the local people’s government at or above the county level, the land use right certificate shall be issued by the people’s government at the same level.

　　If a house is built on the land for real estate development obtained according to law, it shall apply for registration to the real estate management department of the local people’s government at or above the county level with the certificate of land use right, and the real estate management department of the local people’s government at or above the county level shall verify and issue the certificate of ownership of the house.

　　When real estate is transferred or changed, it shall apply to the real estate management department of the local people’s government at or above the county level for registration of change of real estate, and apply to the land management department of the people’s government at the same level for registration of change of land use right on the basis of the changed house ownership certificate. After verification by the land management department of the people’s government at the same level, the people’s government at the same level shall replace or change the land use right certificate.

　　If it is otherwise provided by law, it shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws.

　　Article 62 When a real estate is mortgaged, it shall be registered with the department specified by the local people’s government at or above the county level.

　　Where the land use right and house ownership are obtained due to the disposal of mortgaged real estate, the transfer registration shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.

　　Article 63 Where it is determined by the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government that the local people’s governments at or above the county level are in charge of real estate management and land management by one department, they may make and issue a unified real estate title certificate, and in accordance with the provisions of Article 61 of this Law, the confirmation and change of the ownership of the house and the land use right within the occupied area of the house shall be recorded in the real estate title certificate respectively.

　　Chapter VI Legal Liability

　　Article 64 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of Articles 11 and 12 of this Law, approves the assignment or assigns the land use right for real estate development without authorization shall be given administrative sanctions by the higher authorities or the unit to which he belongs.

　　Article 65 Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of Article 30 of this Law, engages in real estate development business without obtaining a business license shall be ordered by the administrative department for industry and commerce of the people’s government at or above the county level to stop real estate development business, his illegal income shall be confiscated and he may also be fined.

　　Article 66 Where the right to use land is transferred in violation of the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 39 of this Law, the illegal income shall be confiscated by the land administration department of the people’s government at or above the county level, and a fine may also be imposed.

　　Article 67 Where a real estate is transferred in violation of the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 40 of this Law, the land administration department of the people’s government at or above the county level shall order it to pay the leasing fee for the right to use the land, confiscate its illegal income and may concurrently impose a fine.

　　Article 68 Whoever presales a commercial house in violation of the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 45 of this Law shall be ordered by the real estate management department of the people’s government at or above the county level to stop the pre-sale activities, confiscate the illegal income and may also be fined.

　　Article 69 Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of Article 58 of this Law, engages in real estate intermediary services without obtaining a business license shall be ordered by the administrative department for industry and commerce of the people’s government at or above the county level to stop the real estate intermediary services, his illegal income shall be confiscated and he may also be fined.

　　Article 70 If a real estate development enterprise is charged without the basis of laws and regulations, the higher authorities shall order it to return the money collected; If the circumstances are serious, the person directly responsible shall be given administrative sanctions by the higher authorities or the unit to which he belongs.

　　Seventy-first real estate management department, land management department staff dereliction of duty, abuse of power, which constitutes a crime, shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law; If it does not constitute a crime, it shall be given administrative sanctions.

　　If the staff of the real estate management department and the land management department take advantage of their positions to ask for other people’s property, or illegally accept other people’s property to seek benefits for others, which constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law; If it does not constitute a crime, it shall be given administrative sanctions.

　　Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

　　Article 72 Obtaining the land use right of real estate development land, engaging in real estate development and trading activities and implementing real estate management within the state-owned land outside the urban planning area shall be implemented with reference to this Law.

　　Article 73 This Law shall come into force as of January 1, 1995.

"On the original private teachers and original substitute teachers to issue subsidies for living difficulties" has been approved by the provincial people’s government, and are hereby printed and distributed to you, please conscientiously implement it according to the actual situation.

Education Department of Guangdong　　　　 Guangdong Provincial Finance Department

　

guangdong provincial department of human resources and social security　　 Guangdong Provincial Health and Wellness Committee

2018yeartwelvemoon21sun

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

About the original private teachers and original substitute teachers.

Work plan of living hardship allowance

　

The former private teachers and the former substitute teachers (hereinafter referred to as the former private substitute teachers) are important components of the primary and secondary school teachers formed under specific historical conditions. Under very difficult conditions, they are loyal to the party’s education and conscientiously serve the people’s education, making positive contributions to the development of basic education in our province. In order to implement the relevant deployment requirements of the provincial party Committee and the provincial government,Properly solve the life difficulties of the original private substitute teachers,Combined with the reality of our province,Put forward the following scheme.

I. Work objectives

In view of the actual situation of the original private substitute teachers in our province, to meet the requirements of men over the age of60One-year-old, female55One-year-old former private substitute teachers give subsidies for living difficulties.

Second, the basic principles

(a) adhere to the principle of compliance with the law.According to the relevant laws, regulations, rules and policies, make clear the scope, conditions, working procedures and requirements of the recipients of living difficulties subsidies..

(2) Adhere to the principle of problem orientation.In view of the problems of the original private substitute teachers,Grant subsidies for living difficulties to qualified original private substitute teachers..

(three) adhere to the principle of convergence with the original policy.The policy measures are connected with the previous policies of our province to solve the original private substitute teachers.

(four) adhere to the principle of territoriality.Province to formulate a unified policy, the specific implementation work in accordance with the“Territorial dominance"In principle, the municipal and county people’s governments shall be responsible.

(5) Adhere to the principle of only decreasing without increasing.On the basis of the self-examination and audit of the original private substitute teachers, the list of the original private substitute teachers and the total number of personnel will be solidified, and according to the natural attrition of personnel, it will only be reduced rather than increased.

Third, the object of subsidy payment

The following persons are not included in the scope of payment of subsidies for living difficulties:

1.The original private teachers who are included in the plan to leave their posts and retire;

3.Persons with criminal records and those who have been dismissed, dismissed or terminated their employment contracts due to violation of national laws, regulations, rules and policies during their teaching.

Meet the conditions of the original private substitute teachers, according to the cumulative teaching term, each2Last semester is regarded asoneYears. The remainder of the total number of working years isoneFor the semester, pressoneAnnual calculation. The working years will not be adjusted after the self-examination and audit of the original private substitute teachers are approved.

Work experience exceeds30Year, monthly subsidy per person.900Yuan; working life20-29Year, monthly subsidy per person.eight hundredYuan; working life10-19Year, monthly subsidy per person.seven hundredYuan; working life1-9In 2000, the municipalities gave appropriate subsidies, the specific standards were formulated by the municipalities, and the required funds were raised by the cities and counties themselves. In the future, the subsidy standard will be dynamically adjusted according to the social and economic development.

Five, the calculation time

(a) in line with the conditions of the original private substitute teachers2017yeartwelvemoon31sunBefore (including)Male over age60One-year-old, female55one full year of lifeYes, from2018yearoneThe allowance for living difficulties is calculated and paid from January, and it will not be reissued in previous years.

(two) in line with the conditions of the original private substitute teachers.2018yearonemoononesunReach after (inclusive)Male over age60One-year-old, female55one full year of lifeYes, fromMale over age60One-year-old, female55one full year of lifeStarting from next month, the subsidy for living difficulties will be distributed.

(three) living difficulties subsidies to meet the conditions of the original private substitute teacher died in the month.

Shantou City, Shaoguan City, Heyuan City, Meizhou City, Huizhou City, Shanwei City, Yangjiang City, Zhanjiang City, Maoming City, Zhaoqing City, Qingyuan City, Chaozhou City, Jieyang City, Yunfu City, and enping city City, Kaiping City and Taishan City of Jiangmen City, by provinces and cities.5:5The proportion of grading burden required funds. The funds needed in other areas shall be borne by the local government, and the proportion of cities and counties shall be determined by the local municipal people’s government.

The distribution methods and channels of subsidies for the living difficulties of qualified former private substitute teachers shall be determined by the people’s governments of counties (cities, districts).

VII. Working Procedures

(1) Application.The qualified original private substitute teacher himself applies at the current domicile. Villages and towns (streets) should designate special departments and special personnel to handle them. According to Guangdong teachers [2016〕11No. and Guangdong teacher [2017〕sixSelf-examination and audit of the original private substitute teachers, and notice that the male has reached the age of one year.60One-year-old, female55One-year-old local registered original private substitute teachers, holding their ID cards and household registration books and other valid documents, receive and fill out the application form for subsidies for living difficulties of original private substitute teachers in Guangdong Province in triplicate (hereinafter referred to as the "application form", annex)one）。 All localities should2019yearonemoon31the other dayNotify a man that he has reached the age of 1860One-year-old, female55One full year of life (the deadline for age calculation is2018yeartwelvemoon31sun) of the original private substitute teachers to complete the first personal application, and thereafter every year.threemoon31Notice the current year a few days agoMale over age60One-year-old, female55one full year of lifeThe original private substitute teacher completed the personal application.

(2) preliminary examination.Township (street) after receiving the "application form" and related materials, infiveConduct a preliminary examination of whether the applicant meets the requirements within working days, and report the list of personnel and the Application Form passed in the preliminary examination to the education department of the county-level or prefecture-level city without districts. Towns (streets) should be in2019year2moon28the other dayComplete the first trial, and then every year.fourmoon15The preliminary examination was completed a few days ago.

(3) review.The education department of a prefecture-level city at the county level or not divided into districts shall, after receiving the list of the first-instance personnel of a township (street), examine whether the applicant meets the subsidy conditions, working years, subsidy standards, subsidy amount, etc. jointly with the departments of finance, human society and health care, and put forward the examination opinions. Education, finance, human society, health and other departments of prefecture-level cities at the county level or without districts should2019yearthreemoon15the other dayComplete the first audit, and then every yearfourmoon30The audit was completed a few days ago and the audit opinions were put forward.

(4) publicity.The departments of education, finance, human society, health and health of prefecture-level cities at county level or not divided into districts shall post the list of approved personnel in the education departments of prefecture-level cities at county level or not divided into districts, township central schools (institutions exercising the functions of township education management) and village committees.fiveWorking days, at the same time in the county or prefecture-level city government portal publicity.fiveWorking days, widely accepted social supervision. Education, finance, human society, health and other departments of prefecture-level cities at the county level or without districts should2019yearthreemoon31the other dayComplete the publicity, and thereafter every year.fivemoon15A few days ago, the publicity of all those who met the subsidy conditions in that year was completed.

(5) confirmation.After publicity without objection, the education, finance, human society, health and other departments of county-level or prefecture-level cities without districts will confirm the list of personnel and establish and improve the annual "____County (city, district) original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidy object list "____County (city, district) original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidy object increase or decrease table "and"____Counties (cities, districts) of the original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidies for the number of objects summary table "(Annex2、three、four), at the same timefiveWithin working days, submit the form stamped and confirmed by the relevant departments to the municipal education, finance, human society and health departments for review.

(6)Review.Municipal education, finance, human society, health and health departments to review, summarize and archive the relevant materials submitted by various departments at the county level, and fill in the "____Summary of the number of recipients of subsidies for the living difficulties of the original private substitute teachers in the city (annexfive), and report to the Provincial Department of Education, the Provincial Department of Finance, the Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security, and the Provincial Health and Wellness Committee for the record.

(7) disbursement.The provincial and municipal finance departments shall, according to the situation of qualified original private substitute teachers, subsidy standards and sharing ratio after review, reach the county-level finance under the required subsidy funds, and the county-level finance department shall be responsible for timely allocating the provincial, municipal and county subsidy funds to the issuing units. All localities should complete the allocation within one month after the provincial and municipal finance issues funds every year.

(8) distribution.After receiving the subsidy funds, each distributing unit will promptly distribute the subsidy funds for living difficulties directly to the qualified personal accounts of the original private substitute teachers. Each distribution unit shall complete the distribution work within one month after receiving the subsidy funds every year.

All relevant departments should strictly control. The education department is responsible for the examination and review of the applicant’s identity and working years, and the education, finance, human society, health and health departments jointly examine and review whether they meet the subsidy conditions, subsidy standards and subsidy amount. The township (street) is responsible for the application and preliminary examination of the original private substitute teachers.

In order to avoid the change of the object of payment of living difficulties subsidies or the fraudulent use of subsidies by others after death, all localities should establish a qualification examination mechanism for receiving living difficulties subsidies, and check the relevant situation of recipients through various effective ways such as on-site qualification examination, comparison with household registration information of public security departments, enrollment information of social insurance agencies, and population information of health and health departments.

Eight,job requirement

(1) Strengthen organizational leadership.Local people’s governments at all levels should attach great importance to it, do a good job in this work from the overall situation of maintaining social stability, coordinate and lead the education, finance, human society, health and other departments to strengthen organization and implementation, closely cooperate and promote in coordination, and earnestly implement the concern of the provincial party Committee and the provincial government for the vast number of former private substitute teachers. While implementing the subsidies for the living difficulties of qualified former private substitute teachers, all localities and cities should make overall consideration of the protection of the treatment of former private teachers who have left their posts and retired, and adjust their relevant treatment standards appropriately according to the level of economic and social development in the region.

(two) the implementation of work responsibilities.The education department should strengthen the examination and confirmation of the identity and working years of the original private substitute teachers to ensure that the qualified original private substitute teachers are true and accurate; The financial department should do a good job in the accounting and financing of subsidy funds, and timely allocate subsidy funds in place; The human resources and social security departments and their social security agencies should provide the insured status of personnel in a timely manner; The health department should strengthen the audit of the implementation of family planning by the original private substitute teachers; Supervision, auditing, maintaining stability, online information, letters and visits, public security, national security and other relevant departments should cooperate with each other to ensure the smooth implementation of the work. Municipalities should promptly formulate working years below.10Subsidy standards and work plans for people under years old; City, county (city, district) to raise funds needed for the payment of difficult subsidies in a timely manner; Villages and towns (streets) should be equipped with principled, familiar with policies and serious and responsible staff, and timely complete the preliminary examination of local qualified original private substitute teachers.

(3) Timely distribution in place.The people’s governments of counties (cities, districts) or prefecture-level cities not divided into districts shall, in accordance with the requirements, formulate payment methods in a timely manner, refine and clarify the payment methods, distribution channels, distribution units, payment requirements, etc., and ensure that the subsidy funds for living difficulties are paid in full and on time to the qualified original private substitute teachers.

(4) Strengthen fund management.Departments of finance, education, human society and health care at all levels should standardize capital expenditure procedures in accordance with relevant national and provincial laws, regulations and systems, strengthen supervision and inspection on the management and use of funds, establish an accountability mechanism for fund tracking, and ensure earmarking. The Provincial Department of Education, the Provincial Department of Finance, the Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security, and the Provincial Health and Wellness Committee will conduct irregular spot checks on the management and use of funds in various places.

(5) Strict policy discipline.all/different levelsplaceThe government and relevant departments should strictly follow the relevant policy requirements, standardize operations and strengthen supervision. For those who cheat the subsidy funds by falsely claiming, practicing fraud, engaging in malpractices for selfish ends, once verified, they will be disqualified from enjoying the subsidy for living difficulties, and the relevant subsidy funds will be recovered. At the same time, the responsibility of the responsible person will be seriously investigated in accordance with the relevant provisions; Anyone suspected of violating the law and discipline shall be handed over to the relevant authorities for investigation and punishment according to the law.

(6)Ensure social stability.City, county (city, district) people’s government is the main body responsible for the implementation of the original private substitute teachers in our province to pay subsidies for living difficulties and ensure the stability of the original private teachers. “Territorial management and hierarchical responsibility"and“Who is in charge and who is in charge?"The principle of establishing a hierarchical responsibility system for maintaining stability, so as to grasp the first level and be responsible for the first level, consolidate the responsibility of maintaining stability at the grassroots level, formulate and improve the work plan, establish an emergency response mechanism, and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability.

This "Work Plan" is from2019yearonemoon21RiqiImplementation, effective as of the date of implementationfiveYears.

　

Attachment:1.Application Form for Subsidy for Living Difficulties of Former Private Substitute Teachers in Guangdong Province

　　　　2.____County (city, district) original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidies.List of distribution targets

3.____County (city, district) original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidies.Table of Increase and Decrease of Distribution Objects

4.____County (city, district) original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidies.Summary of the number of distribution targets

5.____The original private substitute teachers in the city are granted subsidies for living difficulties.Summary of number of people

　　Chinese characters have a history of about 5,000 years since their origin. For thousands of years, Chinese characters have been developing and changing. The constant and uninterrupted evolution has caused great physical differences between Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty and today’s regular script Chinese characters. In the meantime, it can be divided into two major stages: ancient Chinese characters and modern Chinese characters.

　　In terms of time, the stage of ancient Chinese characters includes Shang Dynasty characters, Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Characters, Six Kingdoms characters and Qin Dynasty characters. At present, the large-scale systematic Oracle Bone Inscriptions we see belongs to the late Shang Dynasty, and it is a kind of writing carved on tortoise shells and animal bones. Due to the limitation of writing tools, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is mostly a thin pen with square folds, but seldom a fat pen with round turns. Oracle Bone Inscriptions’s pictographic composition is not only heavy, but also the structure is not fixed, showing great randomness and flexibility in specific writing. The bronze inscriptions in the early Western Zhou Dynasty also followed the style of bronze inscriptions in the late Shang Dynasty, and then gradually tended to be neat and square. The obvious change was that the curved thick brush was replaced by straight lines. During the Spring and Autumn Period, inscriptions on bronze in various regions gradually formed their own writing characteristics, and artistic fonts with bird-shaped and insect-shaped decorations appeared in inscriptions on bronze in some areas in the East and South. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are the transitional period from slavery to feudalism in our society. The society in China has undergone drastic changes, and the separatist regime of vassals has caused serious abnormal characters among countries and regions. This regional difference of Chinese characters brings a lot of inconvenience to people’s social communication and affects the communication between regions. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he immediately embarked on the reform of "writing with the same language", taking Xiao Zhuan as the unified national writing standard, which made the Chinese characters more regular and symmetrical, and the pictographic degree was further reduced, showing unprecedented stereotypes. Although the strokes of Xiao zhuan are round and beautiful, it is extremely inconvenient to write, so people change the strokes into square folds in practical use and transform the glyphs appropriately.Gradually formed a simple and easy to write new font-Qin Li. Its appearance laid the foundation for the emergence of han li, which is an important transitional stage from ancient Chinese characters to modern Chinese characters.

　　Today’s characters are the Chinese characters in the official script stage, which have continued from Han Dynasty to modern times. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the characters inherited the Qin system, and the structure of Qin Li was gradually simplified, the lines were gradually symmetrical, and the brushwork was gradually regular, which gradually formed the han li. Official script is the main popular font in the Han Dynasty, which is used in solemn occasions, while cursive script is often used in people’s drafting documents and communication. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, running script was formed on the basis of official script and cursive script, and regular script was produced on the basis of running script around the time of Han and Wei Dynasties. After about 200 years in Wei and Jin Dynasties, regular script finally determined its dominant position, and running script also evolved into a font between regular script and cursive script. Running script is fast and not as illegible as cursive script, so it has high practical value. At the same time, cursive script is more simplified and difficult to identify. After the Tang Dynasty, it has completely become a kind of art for appreciation.

　　The evolution of Chinese characters from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to modern regular script, from ancient script to modern script, and the internal changes of ancient and modern scripts can sum up several obvious evolution laws: simplification, phoneticization and standardization.

　　Simplification is the most obvious law in the development and evolution of Chinese characters. Either because of the improvement of writing tools (from knife carving, model casting, writing with brush to block printing), or because of the change of writing carrier (from Oracle bones, bronzes, bamboo slips and silks to paper), and because of the nature of Chinese characters as a tool to record Chinese, font simplification is extremely significant among the major stages of Chinese character development. For example, "Ma" has changed from an early pictographic character to a simplified character today: (inscriptions on bronze in Shang dynasty)— (Oracle Bone Inscriptions)— (Western Zhou Dynasty inscriptions)— (Chunqiu Jinwen)— (Warring States script)— (Xiao Zhuan)-Horse-Horse, it is extremely intuitive that drawings gradually become lines, pictographs gradually weaken and disappear, and strokes become less and less convenient to write. In fact, within each stage of the development of Chinese characters, simplification is also commonplace. For example, Oracle Bone Inscriptions’s word "che" has 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 Different forms such as complexity and simplicity; The same is true of Jinwen. ：、、、、、、、、, It can be seen that some are extremely pictographic (two wheels, carriages, shafts, shafts and yokes are faithfully described), and some are almost the same as today’s traditional Chinese characters. After Chinese characters entered the regular script stage, although the font has not changed greatly, the simplification of the font has not stopped, and on many occasions, vulgar style and simplification have become popular. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the simplification of Chinese characters was guided by the situation in accordance with the simplification law of Chinese characters. Many simplified characters were used in previous dynasties, and the simplification methods used (such as using ancient styles: from → from, courtesy → ceremony; Local generation of the whole: fly → fly, sound → sound; Changing the simple phonetic symbols: state → state, catfish → turtle, and Jing → Jing) has basically been used throughout the ages.

　　However, Chinese characters are not as simple as possible. Whether the ideographic meaning is clear and whether there is enough difference between glyphs is a sign of whether the symbols of this recording language are easy to use or not. Therefore, there are quite a few complicated phenomena in the general trend of Chinese characters’ development and evolution, including the increase in the number of strokes of individual Chinese characters and the increase in the number of Chinese characters in general. It is well known that the number of characters has increased over the ages, but the increase of the number of strokes in a single word is more complicated. The vast majority of the word multiplication is to add components for the expression needs of "words have special words, and words substitute special words", such as — (its)- (dustpan), -Shu-Qin, Giant-Moment-Yi, -I am-I am; Some add strokes or change writing methods in order to distinguish confusing words, such as month ( )-meat ( )-Angle ( 、 )—个 ( )。 Although this kind of simplification apparently increases the burden of writing, it is necessary, so it has been preserved to this day. Some simplifications don’t just add decorative strokes or components for the sake of improving the ideographic needs, such as "writing with". 、 、 ",it is temporary, and most of them are short-lived, so they are basically eliminated.

　　The relationship between the complexity and simplicity of Chinese characters is dialectical. We should properly handle the relationship between them when formulating Chinese character policies and norms, and find the best combination point between the convenience of writing and the convenience of use. As Mr. Cheng Xianghui, a linguist in Macao, said: "Chinese characters can be simplified and should be simplified, but they cannot be simplified endlessly, and they should not be simplified for the sake of simplicity, thinking that it is easy to master without a stroke." We have also learned a lesson in this respect. The simplified characters in the Second Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (Draft), published in 1977 and abolished in 1986, actually failed to deal with the relationship between simplification and complexity of Chinese characters and blindly pursued the simplification of strokes, which was not convenient to use.

　　The so-called phoneticization means that the proportion of pictophonetic characters is increasing, and a large number of non-pictophonetic characters are transformed into pictophonetic characters. Among all kinds of Chinese characters, pictophonetic characters have the strongest productivity and adaptability to Chinese, so they develop fastest. In the early ancient Chinese characters, pictographs and knowing words accounted for a large proportion. However, these words are often used to express meanings that are far away or irrelevant to their original meanings, such as (Yi) originally meant "water overflows from the vessel" (this meaning was later added with water as "overflow"), which was extended to "benefit, benefit" and other meanings; (Zi) is like "the shape of the nose" (this meaning is followed by the sound of "nose"), which is borrowed as a preposition and a first-person pronoun. Extension and borrowing are both very common and necessary in the use of Chinese characters (many characters are invisible, and borrowing makes up for the poor creation of pictographs). In all Oracle bone inscriptions, loanwords account for about 70%), but too many homonyms, one word with several functions, are bound to cause confusion. Driven by the clarity of Chinese characters’ meanings, most of these words are later added with phonetic symbols or phonetic symbols and become pictophonetic characters (the complexity mentioned above is an important source of pictophonetic characters). Pictophonetic characters came into being in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and developed rapidly in the Warring States Period (according to the laws of pictophonetic characters, a large number of non-pictophonetic characters were transformed into pictophonetic characters, and pictophonetic characters were directly combined with phonetic symbols and meaning symbols), and today they have completely occupied the main body. It accounts for more than 20% of all Chinese characters in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, 50% in inscriptions on bronze, 80% in Xiao Zhuan, and more than 90% today. The trend of phoneticization is extremely obvious, which also marks the gradual maturity of the Chinese character configuration system.

　　If simplification and phoneticization are spontaneous and implicit laws in the evolution of Chinese characters, standardization is intentional and artificial adjustment by users. Although the evolution trend of Chinese characters is very clear, the specific evolution process is extremely complicated. There are many variants and constant errors, which are not conducive to the effective play of Chinese characters in social communication. Therefore, scholars and governments in past dynasties have attached great importance to the standardization and unification of Chinese characters. Oracle Bone Inscriptions’s heteromorphism is extremely complicated, and some of its radicals are not fixed, such as "Zi" which can be written. 、 、 The position of the cow is different; Can also be used 、 、 (changing the ideograph to tapir, sheep or tiger); Some parts are different in complexity, such as "teeth" 、 、 、 、 , "Fu" can be used. 、 、 Wait. The variety of variants and the randomness of writing are very unfavorable to social communication and the implementation of national policies, so the rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty took measures to standardize the writing. "Zhou Li Chun Guan" records that "the title of the book is in the four directions", and "the title" refers to the words, which is probably the work of unifying the national characters. When he was in Zhou Xuanwang, he also ordered Taishi to write Shi Shuan Pian to standardize Tongmeng characters. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he successfully carried out the work of "writing in the same language", abolished the variant forms that were inconsistent with Qin Wen, and basically ended the phenomenon of "abnormal characters" in the Warring States period; The Final Edition of Five Classics, written by Yan Shigu by Emperor Taizong, the Phonology and Meaning of Kaiyuan Characters, promulgated by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, and the Ganlu Zishu by scholar Yan Yuansun, etc., have played an important role in the unification of regular script fonts. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the state has actively carried out large-scale Chinese character sorting and standardization, focusing on simplifying glyphs and simplifying variants.

　　Historical experience tells us that the standardization of Chinese characters is not only a necessary language work, but also a national plan. Because Chinese characters often change, new changes will occur after each standardization and collation, so the collation is not once and for all, and Chinese characters should be reorganized and standardized at regular intervals.

　　The writing of this article refers to Wang Fengyang’s Study of Chinese Characters, Zhang Guiguang’s Brief Introduction to Chinese Characters and Dong Kun’s Origin of Chinese Characters in China. Chen Shuangxin, male, born in Wangjiang County, Anhui Province in 1969, is a professor at China Language and Character Standardization Research Center in beijing language and culture university, majoring in ancient Chinese characters and modern Chinese characters. Li Na, female, born in Baoding, Hebei Province in 1982, graduated with a doctorate in Chinese Language and Literature, and is a lecturer at the School of History of Hebei University. He mainly studies ancient philology and pre-Qin archaeology. )