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Our reporter Wang Yao

There is a warmth called home, a happiness called reunion, and a taste called New Year’s Eve. Chinese’s New Year’s Eve is not only a symbol of reunion and affection, but also a unique cultural heritage. As the grandest and richest meal in a year, it is constantly changing its flavor. In the 1950s, materials were scarce, and everything was a "luxury"; In the 60 s and 70 s, you could eat chocolate, bitter is sweet, etc. In 1980s and 1990s, chickens, ducks and fish gradually appeared on the table. In the 21st century, chefs even come home to customize the New Year’s Eve dinner … People of every era have their own characteristics, and people of different ages have different tastes in their memories.

Fifties: satiety is the greatest satisfaction.

In 1950, the first Spring Festival in New China was ushered in. Because the country is in a hurry, it is people’s greatest satisfaction to have enough to eat. Only during the Chinese New Year, state-owned retail stores, cooperatives, public-private joint-venture food stores and other places that have something to sell really feel the goods are on hand, and they are full of customers.

New Year’s Eve in the 1950s

Traditional cakes, rice cakes and dried fruits are all "luxury goods", and every household can only afford a little. In the early 1950s, pork, beef, mutton, and various fresh fish and local products were specially provided for the Spring Festival, and the quantity was very limited. "At that time, most people’s staple food was cornmeal with wild vegetables or grass roots. It was a luxury to eat a lump of meat, let alone candy." Zhang Xiaolin, 79 years old, once heard from her father that life was too difficult at that time. Coupled with natural disasters, the New Year’s Eve dinner was not as beautiful as it is now, but a spoonful of radish and an egg can simply be regarded as Chinese New Year.

The scene of posting Spring Festival couplets in the 1950s.

At that time, the New Year’s Eve dinner was the best meal of the year. In order to have a hearty New Year’s Eve dinner, people had to run for chickens, ducks and fish. "When I was a child, I was most looking forward to the New Year. Only in the New Year can you eat a full meal of rice, as well as jiaozi and pork. " Ms. Liu, born in 1958, said that at that time, the supply of materials was relatively scarce. At ordinary times, housewives were very tight and refused to use a drop of oil. During the Chinese New Year, it seemed to be generous at once. There were braised fish and delicious rice at the New Year’s Eve, which were rare at ordinary times.

At that time, the New Year’s Eve dinner was particularly interesting.

"Even so, I think it was particularly interesting at that time." Zhang Xiaolin said, in my impression, people with a little culture help us write Spring Festival couplets. Although they are not calligraphers, they are unambiguous. In the era when there was no Spring Festival party, after dinner, children could be seen everywhere in the streets and open spaces. They rolled iron rings, smoked gyroscopes, kicked shuttlecocks and jumped rubber bands. Even if there was nothing, the once simple life was also a kind of happiness.

Sixties and seventies: supply by ticket

In the 1960s, the Spring Festival was a great opportunity to "relieve the craving", and the diligent housewives made the New Year’s Eve dinner with ingenuity. Most families are vegetarian-oriented, and those with better conditions have good meat and vegetables at the table. At that time, the quantity of meat, fish, eggs, sugar, etc. was small and the supply was limited, so people had to queue up to buy them by ticket.

"At that time, you can’t have money. You need two or two food stamps to buy a bun. All the items are rationed by the weight of the person. It is impossible for you to buy more." Aunt Pan, who lives in Hongxing Village, told the reporter that if you want to buy enough food during the holidays, you should go to the food company to queue up early, especially if there are few food stamps in rural areas. Whoever can get a few pounds of meat stamps and sugar tickets will have a rich year. "At that time, the dishes at the dinner table had to be clamped by adults before the children could move chopsticks. Because of their young age, it was also a happy thing to put on the’ new clothes’ that my brother had patched."

In the 1960s, Bao jiaozi celebrated the Spring Festival.

In the 1970s, it was still an era of ticket supply. A month and a half of eggs, three ounces of oil and dozens of kilograms of grain were planned for the whole family. In this era, the New Year’s Eve dinner is not only a time for family reunion in a year, but also some food that can’t be eaten at ordinary times will be served on the table, but preparing these dishes is a "war" for housewives. During the Spring Festival, in order to get a rich annual meal, people must "get up early and get greedy for the dark" to snap up, and then make a rich dinner from the "snapped up" dishes, watch the Spring Festival Gala and have a lively New Year.

New Year’s Eve dinner in the 1970s

In the late 1970s, liquor, chocolate, biscuits, cakes and sweets began to appear in the market. "At that time, eating a piece of candy can make you happy all day." Liu Ming, who introduced to reporters while visiting the vegetable market, said happily that only after experiencing the hardships of that era can we appreciate the happiness of this era.

80′ s and 90′ s: Chicken, duck and fish play the leading role.

In the 1980s, food stamps gradually faded out of people’s lives, and Chinese New Year’s meals were correspondingly abundant. In the twelfth lunar month, sausages and bacon almost occupy the windowsill of every household. "Although the economic conditions are not like now, sausages and bacon are indispensable foods for New Year’s Eve." Yin Xiulan, 54, recalled that in those days, making sausages and smoked bacon together was a sense of ceremony for the New Year.

New Year’s Eve in the 1980s

With the advancement of reform and opening up, it is no longer difficult to eat enough. From then on, the New Year’s Eve dinner on the table began to change obviously. Chicken, duck and fish became the highlight, and we also went to the market to buy some roast chicken and pickled fish that we were reluctant to buy. Some families are still busy preparing family dinners, but there are also plans to save trouble, buy semi-finished family packages and go home for simple processing. In jiaozi, some people don’t pack it, so they just buy frozen jiaozi or ready-made dumpling wrappers. Big fish and big meat on the New Year’s Eve dinner became commonplace in the 1990s, and seafood such as crabs and shrimps began to appear.

Compared with delicious food, Mr. Luo prefers the excitement of the family setting off firecrackers when eating New Year’s Eve. "Before eating, the adults hung firecrackers on the tree in front of the door. We hid behind the adults. After the firecrackers were released, the adults began to distribute red envelopes and then came to the table one after another." Mr. Luo told reporters that when I was a child, I was looking forward to the Chinese New Year. The firecrackers pinned people’s expectations for a better life and also reflected that the sense of ritual was gradually valued in life.

21st century: Eat healthy and invite a chef.

After entering the 21st century, everyone’s life is getting better and better, but their work is getting busier and busier, and their usual contact time is getting less and less. The annual New Year’s Eve dinner has become the best opportunity for relatives and friends to get together. After dinner, talk about the dribs and drabs of work and life, and look forward to the goals for the coming year. Everyone encourages each other and is happy.

Today’s New Year’s Eve dinner is rich and varied.

High-rise buildings stand tall, the streets become wider and wider, there are more and more vehicles, the earthen stoves are gradually decreasing, and the fog rising from the cauldron disappears from people’s sight year by year. In addition, the traditional form of family banquet has also been challenged. By the end of the 1990s, it became a trend for a family to go to a restaurant for "New Year’s Eve", which can not only have a good meal, but also save the trouble of washing dishes and washing dishes. Why not? "The cost of buying food to make a big table is similar to the amount spent in restaurants. It is also a pleasure for the family to go around after dinner." Wang Li, a citizen, told reporters that at first, because her parents were old, she chose to eat out when she wanted to worry about it. After a few years, it became the "tradition" of their family and took turns to do it every year.

No matter what age, it is the meaning of the Spring Festival to have a family reunion dinner.

In recent years, it is nothing new for a large family to "eat out". Many hotels also cater to the market and offer "New Year’s Eve" on-site service. Citizens can also "order" the New Year’s Eve dinner at home, invite the hotel chef to deliver it to the door or simply invite the chef to do it at home, which is convenient and enjoys the warm atmosphere of welcoming the New Year at home.

In addition, online shopping "semi-finished New Year’s Eve" has become the new favorite of "online shoppers" after the 1980s and 1990s. The so-called "semi-finished New Year’s Eve" means that the dishes are processed by the seller in advance until they are 70-80% mature, then the raw materials are mixed and packaged, and then they are sold together with the "cooking instructions". Just refer to the instructions and put them in a microwave oven or pot for simple processing. Even people who can’t cook at all can cook a delicious meal.

The year 2008 is a family holiday, the New Year’s Eve, and a year-end feast of reunion. Everyone has memories of New Year’s Eve: every New Year’s Eve, there are always plenty of fish, good luck of chickens, family reunion of meatballs, and even older friends of jiaozi … No matter how the year goes, how the form and dishes of the New Year’s Eve have changed, the New Year’s Eve records the changes of the years and entrusts people with their ardent hope and pursuit for a better life. This moment is always the happiest time of the year.

Some pictures come from the Internet.

Original title: "How many kinds of New Year’s Eve dinners have you eaten? 》

Read the original text

"On the original private teachers and original substitute teachers to issue subsidies for living difficulties" has been approved by the provincial people’s government, and are hereby printed and distributed to you, please conscientiously implement it according to the actual situation.

Education Department of Guangdong　　　　 Guangdong Provincial Finance Department

　

guangdong provincial department of human resources and social security　　 Guangdong Provincial Health and Wellness Committee

2018yeartwelvemoon21sun

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

About the original private teachers and original substitute teachers.

Work plan of living hardship allowance

　

The former private teachers and the former substitute teachers (hereinafter referred to as the former private substitute teachers) are important components of the primary and secondary school teachers formed under specific historical conditions. Under very difficult conditions, they are loyal to the party’s education and conscientiously serve the people’s education, making positive contributions to the development of basic education in our province. In order to implement the relevant deployment requirements of the provincial party Committee and the provincial government,Properly solve the life difficulties of the original private substitute teachers,Combined with the reality of our province,Put forward the following scheme.

I. Work objectives

In view of the actual situation of the original private substitute teachers in our province, to meet the requirements of men over the age of60One-year-old, female55One-year-old former private substitute teachers give subsidies for living difficulties.

Second, the basic principles

(a) adhere to the principle of compliance with the law.According to the relevant laws, regulations, rules and policies, make clear the scope, conditions, working procedures and requirements of the recipients of living difficulties subsidies..

(2) Adhere to the principle of problem orientation.In view of the problems of the original private substitute teachers,Grant subsidies for living difficulties to qualified original private substitute teachers..

(three) adhere to the principle of convergence with the original policy.The policy measures are connected with the previous policies of our province to solve the original private substitute teachers.

(four) adhere to the principle of territoriality.Province to formulate a unified policy, the specific implementation work in accordance with the“Territorial dominance"In principle, the municipal and county people’s governments shall be responsible.

(5) Adhere to the principle of only decreasing without increasing.On the basis of the self-examination and audit of the original private substitute teachers, the list of the original private substitute teachers and the total number of personnel will be solidified, and according to the natural attrition of personnel, it will only be reduced rather than increased.

Third, the object of subsidy payment

The following persons are not included in the scope of payment of subsidies for living difficulties:

1.The original private teachers who are included in the plan to leave their posts and retire;

3.Persons with criminal records and those who have been dismissed, dismissed or terminated their employment contracts due to violation of national laws, regulations, rules and policies during their teaching.

Meet the conditions of the original private substitute teachers, according to the cumulative teaching term, each2Last semester is regarded asoneYears. The remainder of the total number of working years isoneFor the semester, pressoneAnnual calculation. The working years will not be adjusted after the self-examination and audit of the original private substitute teachers are approved.

Work experience exceeds30Year, monthly subsidy per person.900Yuan; working life20-29Year, monthly subsidy per person.eight hundredYuan; working life10-19Year, monthly subsidy per person.seven hundredYuan; working life1-9In 2000, the municipalities gave appropriate subsidies, the specific standards were formulated by the municipalities, and the required funds were raised by the cities and counties themselves. In the future, the subsidy standard will be dynamically adjusted according to the social and economic development.

Five, the calculation time

(a) in line with the conditions of the original private substitute teachers2017yeartwelvemoon31sunBefore (including)Male over age60One-year-old, female55one full year of lifeYes, from2018yearoneThe allowance for living difficulties is calculated and paid from January, and it will not be reissued in previous years.

(two) in line with the conditions of the original private substitute teachers.2018yearonemoononesunReach after (inclusive)Male over age60One-year-old, female55one full year of lifeYes, fromMale over age60One-year-old, female55one full year of lifeStarting from next month, the subsidy for living difficulties will be distributed.

(three) living difficulties subsidies to meet the conditions of the original private substitute teacher died in the month.

Shantou City, Shaoguan City, Heyuan City, Meizhou City, Huizhou City, Shanwei City, Yangjiang City, Zhanjiang City, Maoming City, Zhaoqing City, Qingyuan City, Chaozhou City, Jieyang City, Yunfu City, and enping city City, Kaiping City and Taishan City of Jiangmen City, by provinces and cities.5:5The proportion of grading burden required funds. The funds needed in other areas shall be borne by the local government, and the proportion of cities and counties shall be determined by the local municipal people’s government.

The distribution methods and channels of subsidies for the living difficulties of qualified former private substitute teachers shall be determined by the people’s governments of counties (cities, districts).

VII. Working Procedures

(1) Application.The qualified original private substitute teacher himself applies at the current domicile. Villages and towns (streets) should designate special departments and special personnel to handle them. According to Guangdong teachers [2016〕11No. and Guangdong teacher [2017〕sixSelf-examination and audit of the original private substitute teachers, and notice that the male has reached the age of one year.60One-year-old, female55One-year-old local registered original private substitute teachers, holding their ID cards and household registration books and other valid documents, receive and fill out the application form for subsidies for living difficulties of original private substitute teachers in Guangdong Province in triplicate (hereinafter referred to as the "application form", annex)one）。 All localities should2019yearonemoon31the other dayNotify a man that he has reached the age of 1860One-year-old, female55One full year of life (the deadline for age calculation is2018yeartwelvemoon31sun) of the original private substitute teachers to complete the first personal application, and thereafter every year.threemoon31Notice the current year a few days agoMale over age60One-year-old, female55one full year of lifeThe original private substitute teacher completed the personal application.

(2) preliminary examination.Township (street) after receiving the "application form" and related materials, infiveConduct a preliminary examination of whether the applicant meets the requirements within working days, and report the list of personnel and the Application Form passed in the preliminary examination to the education department of the county-level or prefecture-level city without districts. Towns (streets) should be in2019year2moon28the other dayComplete the first trial, and then every year.fourmoon15The preliminary examination was completed a few days ago.

(3) review.The education department of a prefecture-level city at the county level or not divided into districts shall, after receiving the list of the first-instance personnel of a township (street), examine whether the applicant meets the subsidy conditions, working years, subsidy standards, subsidy amount, etc. jointly with the departments of finance, human society and health care, and put forward the examination opinions. Education, finance, human society, health and other departments of prefecture-level cities at the county level or without districts should2019yearthreemoon15the other dayComplete the first audit, and then every yearfourmoon30The audit was completed a few days ago and the audit opinions were put forward.

(4) publicity.The departments of education, finance, human society, health and health of prefecture-level cities at county level or not divided into districts shall post the list of approved personnel in the education departments of prefecture-level cities at county level or not divided into districts, township central schools (institutions exercising the functions of township education management) and village committees.fiveWorking days, at the same time in the county or prefecture-level city government portal publicity.fiveWorking days, widely accepted social supervision. Education, finance, human society, health and other departments of prefecture-level cities at the county level or without districts should2019yearthreemoon31the other dayComplete the publicity, and thereafter every year.fivemoon15A few days ago, the publicity of all those who met the subsidy conditions in that year was completed.

(5) confirmation.After publicity without objection, the education, finance, human society, health and other departments of county-level or prefecture-level cities without districts will confirm the list of personnel and establish and improve the annual "____County (city, district) original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidy object list "____County (city, district) original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidy object increase or decrease table "and"____Counties (cities, districts) of the original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidies for the number of objects summary table "(Annex2、three、four), at the same timefiveWithin working days, submit the form stamped and confirmed by the relevant departments to the municipal education, finance, human society and health departments for review.

(6)Review.Municipal education, finance, human society, health and health departments to review, summarize and archive the relevant materials submitted by various departments at the county level, and fill in the "____Summary of the number of recipients of subsidies for the living difficulties of the original private substitute teachers in the city (annexfive), and report to the Provincial Department of Education, the Provincial Department of Finance, the Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security, and the Provincial Health and Wellness Committee for the record.

(7) disbursement.The provincial and municipal finance departments shall, according to the situation of qualified original private substitute teachers, subsidy standards and sharing ratio after review, reach the county-level finance under the required subsidy funds, and the county-level finance department shall be responsible for timely allocating the provincial, municipal and county subsidy funds to the issuing units. All localities should complete the allocation within one month after the provincial and municipal finance issues funds every year.

(8) distribution.After receiving the subsidy funds, each distributing unit will promptly distribute the subsidy funds for living difficulties directly to the qualified personal accounts of the original private substitute teachers. Each distribution unit shall complete the distribution work within one month after receiving the subsidy funds every year.

All relevant departments should strictly control. The education department is responsible for the examination and review of the applicant’s identity and working years, and the education, finance, human society, health and health departments jointly examine and review whether they meet the subsidy conditions, subsidy standards and subsidy amount. The township (street) is responsible for the application and preliminary examination of the original private substitute teachers.

In order to avoid the change of the object of payment of living difficulties subsidies or the fraudulent use of subsidies by others after death, all localities should establish a qualification examination mechanism for receiving living difficulties subsidies, and check the relevant situation of recipients through various effective ways such as on-site qualification examination, comparison with household registration information of public security departments, enrollment information of social insurance agencies, and population information of health and health departments.

Eight,job requirement

(1) Strengthen organizational leadership.Local people’s governments at all levels should attach great importance to it, do a good job in this work from the overall situation of maintaining social stability, coordinate and lead the education, finance, human society, health and other departments to strengthen organization and implementation, closely cooperate and promote in coordination, and earnestly implement the concern of the provincial party Committee and the provincial government for the vast number of former private substitute teachers. While implementing the subsidies for the living difficulties of qualified former private substitute teachers, all localities and cities should make overall consideration of the protection of the treatment of former private teachers who have left their posts and retired, and adjust their relevant treatment standards appropriately according to the level of economic and social development in the region.

(two) the implementation of work responsibilities.The education department should strengthen the examination and confirmation of the identity and working years of the original private substitute teachers to ensure that the qualified original private substitute teachers are true and accurate; The financial department should do a good job in the accounting and financing of subsidy funds, and timely allocate subsidy funds in place; The human resources and social security departments and their social security agencies should provide the insured status of personnel in a timely manner; The health department should strengthen the audit of the implementation of family planning by the original private substitute teachers; Supervision, auditing, maintaining stability, online information, letters and visits, public security, national security and other relevant departments should cooperate with each other to ensure the smooth implementation of the work. Municipalities should promptly formulate working years below.10Subsidy standards and work plans for people under years old; City, county (city, district) to raise funds needed for the payment of difficult subsidies in a timely manner; Villages and towns (streets) should be equipped with principled, familiar with policies and serious and responsible staff, and timely complete the preliminary examination of local qualified original private substitute teachers.

(3) Timely distribution in place.The people’s governments of counties (cities, districts) or prefecture-level cities not divided into districts shall, in accordance with the requirements, formulate payment methods in a timely manner, refine and clarify the payment methods, distribution channels, distribution units, payment requirements, etc., and ensure that the subsidy funds for living difficulties are paid in full and on time to the qualified original private substitute teachers.

(4) Strengthen fund management.Departments of finance, education, human society and health care at all levels should standardize capital expenditure procedures in accordance with relevant national and provincial laws, regulations and systems, strengthen supervision and inspection on the management and use of funds, establish an accountability mechanism for fund tracking, and ensure earmarking. The Provincial Department of Education, the Provincial Department of Finance, the Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security, and the Provincial Health and Wellness Committee will conduct irregular spot checks on the management and use of funds in various places.

(5) Strict policy discipline.all/different levelsplaceThe government and relevant departments should strictly follow the relevant policy requirements, standardize operations and strengthen supervision. For those who cheat the subsidy funds by falsely claiming, practicing fraud, engaging in malpractices for selfish ends, once verified, they will be disqualified from enjoying the subsidy for living difficulties, and the relevant subsidy funds will be recovered. At the same time, the responsibility of the responsible person will be seriously investigated in accordance with the relevant provisions; Anyone suspected of violating the law and discipline shall be handed over to the relevant authorities for investigation and punishment according to the law.

(6)Ensure social stability.City, county (city, district) people’s government is the main body responsible for the implementation of the original private substitute teachers in our province to pay subsidies for living difficulties and ensure the stability of the original private teachers. “Territorial management and hierarchical responsibility"and“Who is in charge and who is in charge?"The principle of establishing a hierarchical responsibility system for maintaining stability, so as to grasp the first level and be responsible for the first level, consolidate the responsibility of maintaining stability at the grassroots level, formulate and improve the work plan, establish an emergency response mechanism, and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability.

This "Work Plan" is from2019yearonemoon21RiqiImplementation, effective as of the date of implementationfiveYears.

　

Attachment:1.Application Form for Subsidy for Living Difficulties of Former Private Substitute Teachers in Guangdong Province

　　　　2.____County (city, district) original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidies.List of distribution targets

3.____County (city, district) original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidies.Table of Increase and Decrease of Distribution Objects

4.____County (city, district) original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidies.Summary of the number of distribution targets

5.____The original private substitute teachers in the city are granted subsidies for living difficulties.Summary of number of people

　　People’s Daily Online, Beijing, July 5 (Reporter Sun Hongli) According to the news from official website, National Medical Products Administration, the 2021 Drug Review Report shows that the breakthrough therapeutic drug procedures, conditional approval procedures, priority review and approval procedures, and special approval procedures, and four "fast tracks" help accelerate drug research and development and listing. In addition, in 2021, a historic breakthrough was made in the registration and evaluation of innovative drugs.

　　A batch of drugs urgently needed in clinic entered the "fast track"

　　In 2021, a number of drugs urgently needed in clinic entered the "fast track".

　　The 2021 Annual Drug Review Report showed that 53 applications (41 varieties) were included in the breakthrough therapeutic drug program, covering diseases caused by infection in novel coronavirus, non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer and other indications. 115 applications for registration (69 varieties) were included in the priority review and approval procedures, including 41 drugs with conditional approval and 34 new varieties, dosage forms and specifications of drugs for children that meet children’s physiological characteristics. In addition, 81 applications for registration included in the special examination and approval procedures were concluded throughout the year, all of which were vaccines and therapeutic drugs from Covid-19.

　　In 2021, 47 innovative drugs were approved.

　　In 2021, 47 innovative drugs were approved, reaching a record high. The 2021 Drug Review Report shows that 1,886 applications for registration of innovative drugs (998 varieties) were accepted in the whole year, up by 76.10% year-on-year; 1,744 applications for registration of innovative drugs (943 varieties) were concluded, with a year-on-year increase of 67.85%. The number of applications for registration of innovative drugs and the number of applications concluded reached a new high in nearly five years.

　　National Medical Products Administration said that the refreshing of the data for the registration and review of innovative drugs reflected the continuous deepening of the reform of the drug review and approval system, encouraged the continuous overweight of the innovation policy dividend, and further improved the review ability and efficiency. In 2021, the number of drug registration applications accepted and concluded increased by 13.79% and 19.55% year-on-year, and the overall time-limited conclusion rate reached 98.93%. Moreover, the time-limited conclusion rate of new drug listing permit applications and registration applications included in priority review and approval procedures exceeded 90%, which made a historic breakthrough and accelerated the listing of new drugs and good drugs.

　　Continue to deepen the reform of drug review and approval system

　　National Medical Products Administration pointed out that with the globalization of new drug R&D and innovation increasing, "global new" drugs such as new mechanisms and new targets are gradually increasing, and the challenges and pressures of innovative products on evaluation ability have become increasingly prominent.

　　In 2022, National Medical Products Administration will continue to deepen the reform of the drug review and approval system, support and encourage enterprises to innovate in new technologies, new targets and new mechanisms of modern medicine, and promote the solution of the "stuck neck" problem of industrial innovation and development; Insist on encouraging clinical value-oriented research and development innovation of new and good drugs, drugs for rare diseases, drugs for major infectious diseases, and drugs urgently needed in public health; Refine and optimize the approval procedures for breakthrough therapeutic drugs, conditional approval and priority review, and promote the high-quality development of drugs; Support the research and innovation of children’s medication to meet clinical needs, and improve the safety and accessibility of children’s medication.

　　Chinese characters have a history of about 5,000 years since their origin. For thousands of years, Chinese characters have been developing and changing. The constant and uninterrupted evolution has caused great physical differences between Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty and today’s regular script Chinese characters. In the meantime, it can be divided into two major stages: ancient Chinese characters and modern Chinese characters.

　　In terms of time, the stage of ancient Chinese characters includes Shang Dynasty characters, Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Characters, Six Kingdoms characters and Qin Dynasty characters. At present, the large-scale systematic Oracle Bone Inscriptions we see belongs to the late Shang Dynasty, and it is a kind of writing carved on tortoise shells and animal bones. Due to the limitation of writing tools, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is mostly a thin pen with square folds, but seldom a fat pen with round turns. Oracle Bone Inscriptions’s pictographic composition is not only heavy, but also the structure is not fixed, showing great randomness and flexibility in specific writing. The bronze inscriptions in the early Western Zhou Dynasty also followed the style of bronze inscriptions in the late Shang Dynasty, and then gradually tended to be neat and square. The obvious change was that the curved thick brush was replaced by straight lines. During the Spring and Autumn Period, inscriptions on bronze in various regions gradually formed their own writing characteristics, and artistic fonts with bird-shaped and insect-shaped decorations appeared in inscriptions on bronze in some areas in the East and South. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are the transitional period from slavery to feudalism in our society. The society in China has undergone drastic changes, and the separatist regime of vassals has caused serious abnormal characters among countries and regions. This regional difference of Chinese characters brings a lot of inconvenience to people’s social communication and affects the communication between regions. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he immediately embarked on the reform of "writing with the same language", taking Xiao Zhuan as the unified national writing standard, which made the Chinese characters more regular and symmetrical, and the pictographic degree was further reduced, showing unprecedented stereotypes. Although the strokes of Xiao zhuan are round and beautiful, it is extremely inconvenient to write, so people change the strokes into square folds in practical use and transform the glyphs appropriately.Gradually formed a simple and easy to write new font-Qin Li. Its appearance laid the foundation for the emergence of han li, which is an important transitional stage from ancient Chinese characters to modern Chinese characters.

　　Today’s characters are the Chinese characters in the official script stage, which have continued from Han Dynasty to modern times. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the characters inherited the Qin system, and the structure of Qin Li was gradually simplified, the lines were gradually symmetrical, and the brushwork was gradually regular, which gradually formed the han li. Official script is the main popular font in the Han Dynasty, which is used in solemn occasions, while cursive script is often used in people’s drafting documents and communication. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, running script was formed on the basis of official script and cursive script, and regular script was produced on the basis of running script around the time of Han and Wei Dynasties. After about 200 years in Wei and Jin Dynasties, regular script finally determined its dominant position, and running script also evolved into a font between regular script and cursive script. Running script is fast and not as illegible as cursive script, so it has high practical value. At the same time, cursive script is more simplified and difficult to identify. After the Tang Dynasty, it has completely become a kind of art for appreciation.

　　The evolution of Chinese characters from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to modern regular script, from ancient script to modern script, and the internal changes of ancient and modern scripts can sum up several obvious evolution laws: simplification, phoneticization and standardization.

　　Simplification is the most obvious law in the development and evolution of Chinese characters. Either because of the improvement of writing tools (from knife carving, model casting, writing with brush to block printing), or because of the change of writing carrier (from Oracle bones, bronzes, bamboo slips and silks to paper), and because of the nature of Chinese characters as a tool to record Chinese, font simplification is extremely significant among the major stages of Chinese character development. For example, "Ma" has changed from an early pictographic character to a simplified character today: (inscriptions on bronze in Shang dynasty)— (Oracle Bone Inscriptions)— (Western Zhou Dynasty inscriptions)— (Chunqiu Jinwen)— (Warring States script)— (Xiao Zhuan)-Horse-Horse, it is extremely intuitive that drawings gradually become lines, pictographs gradually weaken and disappear, and strokes become less and less convenient to write. In fact, within each stage of the development of Chinese characters, simplification is also commonplace. For example, Oracle Bone Inscriptions’s word "che" has 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 Different forms such as complexity and simplicity; The same is true of Jinwen. ：、、、、、、、、, It can be seen that some are extremely pictographic (two wheels, carriages, shafts, shafts and yokes are faithfully described), and some are almost the same as today’s traditional Chinese characters. After Chinese characters entered the regular script stage, although the font has not changed greatly, the simplification of the font has not stopped, and on many occasions, vulgar style and simplification have become popular. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the simplification of Chinese characters was guided by the situation in accordance with the simplification law of Chinese characters. Many simplified characters were used in previous dynasties, and the simplification methods used (such as using ancient styles: from → from, courtesy → ceremony; Local generation of the whole: fly → fly, sound → sound; Changing the simple phonetic symbols: state → state, catfish → turtle, and Jing → Jing) has basically been used throughout the ages.

　　However, Chinese characters are not as simple as possible. Whether the ideographic meaning is clear and whether there is enough difference between glyphs is a sign of whether the symbols of this recording language are easy to use or not. Therefore, there are quite a few complicated phenomena in the general trend of Chinese characters’ development and evolution, including the increase in the number of strokes of individual Chinese characters and the increase in the number of Chinese characters in general. It is well known that the number of characters has increased over the ages, but the increase of the number of strokes in a single word is more complicated. The vast majority of the word multiplication is to add components for the expression needs of "words have special words, and words substitute special words", such as — (its)- (dustpan), -Shu-Qin, Giant-Moment-Yi, -I am-I am; Some add strokes or change writing methods in order to distinguish confusing words, such as month ( )-meat ( )-Angle ( 、 )—个 ( )。 Although this kind of simplification apparently increases the burden of writing, it is necessary, so it has been preserved to this day. Some simplifications don’t just add decorative strokes or components for the sake of improving the ideographic needs, such as "writing with". 、 、 ",it is temporary, and most of them are short-lived, so they are basically eliminated.

　　The relationship between the complexity and simplicity of Chinese characters is dialectical. We should properly handle the relationship between them when formulating Chinese character policies and norms, and find the best combination point between the convenience of writing and the convenience of use. As Mr. Cheng Xianghui, a linguist in Macao, said: "Chinese characters can be simplified and should be simplified, but they cannot be simplified endlessly, and they should not be simplified for the sake of simplicity, thinking that it is easy to master without a stroke." We have also learned a lesson in this respect. The simplified characters in the Second Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (Draft), published in 1977 and abolished in 1986, actually failed to deal with the relationship between simplification and complexity of Chinese characters and blindly pursued the simplification of strokes, which was not convenient to use.

　　The so-called phoneticization means that the proportion of pictophonetic characters is increasing, and a large number of non-pictophonetic characters are transformed into pictophonetic characters. Among all kinds of Chinese characters, pictophonetic characters have the strongest productivity and adaptability to Chinese, so they develop fastest. In the early ancient Chinese characters, pictographs and knowing words accounted for a large proportion. However, these words are often used to express meanings that are far away or irrelevant to their original meanings, such as (Yi) originally meant "water overflows from the vessel" (this meaning was later added with water as "overflow"), which was extended to "benefit, benefit" and other meanings; (Zi) is like "the shape of the nose" (this meaning is followed by the sound of "nose"), which is borrowed as a preposition and a first-person pronoun. Extension and borrowing are both very common and necessary in the use of Chinese characters (many characters are invisible, and borrowing makes up for the poor creation of pictographs). In all Oracle bone inscriptions, loanwords account for about 70%), but too many homonyms, one word with several functions, are bound to cause confusion. Driven by the clarity of Chinese characters’ meanings, most of these words are later added with phonetic symbols or phonetic symbols and become pictophonetic characters (the complexity mentioned above is an important source of pictophonetic characters). Pictophonetic characters came into being in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and developed rapidly in the Warring States Period (according to the laws of pictophonetic characters, a large number of non-pictophonetic characters were transformed into pictophonetic characters, and pictophonetic characters were directly combined with phonetic symbols and meaning symbols), and today they have completely occupied the main body. It accounts for more than 20% of all Chinese characters in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, 50% in inscriptions on bronze, 80% in Xiao Zhuan, and more than 90% today. The trend of phoneticization is extremely obvious, which also marks the gradual maturity of the Chinese character configuration system.

　　If simplification and phoneticization are spontaneous and implicit laws in the evolution of Chinese characters, standardization is intentional and artificial adjustment by users. Although the evolution trend of Chinese characters is very clear, the specific evolution process is extremely complicated. There are many variants and constant errors, which are not conducive to the effective play of Chinese characters in social communication. Therefore, scholars and governments in past dynasties have attached great importance to the standardization and unification of Chinese characters. Oracle Bone Inscriptions’s heteromorphism is extremely complicated, and some of its radicals are not fixed, such as "Zi" which can be written. 、 、 The position of the cow is different; Can also be used 、 、 (changing the ideograph to tapir, sheep or tiger); Some parts are different in complexity, such as "teeth" 、 、 、 、 , "Fu" can be used. 、 、 Wait. The variety of variants and the randomness of writing are very unfavorable to social communication and the implementation of national policies, so the rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty took measures to standardize the writing. "Zhou Li Chun Guan" records that "the title of the book is in the four directions", and "the title" refers to the words, which is probably the work of unifying the national characters. When he was in Zhou Xuanwang, he also ordered Taishi to write Shi Shuan Pian to standardize Tongmeng characters. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he successfully carried out the work of "writing in the same language", abolished the variant forms that were inconsistent with Qin Wen, and basically ended the phenomenon of "abnormal characters" in the Warring States period; The Final Edition of Five Classics, written by Yan Shigu by Emperor Taizong, the Phonology and Meaning of Kaiyuan Characters, promulgated by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, and the Ganlu Zishu by scholar Yan Yuansun, etc., have played an important role in the unification of regular script fonts. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the state has actively carried out large-scale Chinese character sorting and standardization, focusing on simplifying glyphs and simplifying variants.

　　Historical experience tells us that the standardization of Chinese characters is not only a necessary language work, but also a national plan. Because Chinese characters often change, new changes will occur after each standardization and collation, so the collation is not once and for all, and Chinese characters should be reorganized and standardized at regular intervals.

　　The writing of this article refers to Wang Fengyang’s Study of Chinese Characters, Zhang Guiguang’s Brief Introduction to Chinese Characters and Dong Kun’s Origin of Chinese Characters in China. Chen Shuangxin, male, born in Wangjiang County, Anhui Province in 1969, is a professor at China Language and Character Standardization Research Center in beijing language and culture university, majoring in ancient Chinese characters and modern Chinese characters. Li Na, female, born in Baoding, Hebei Province in 1982, graduated with a doctorate in Chinese Language and Literature, and is a lecturer at the School of History of Hebei University. He mainly studies ancient philology and pre-Qin archaeology. )

Special topic: the incident of smashing, looting and burning in Lhasa, Tibet

Photos described by Dalai as "China soldiers posing as lamas to stir up riots".

Using this photo to slander "China soldiers pretending to be lamas" is full of flaws.

　　　 On March 29th, the Dalai Lama held a press conference in India, and made a rumor by himself that "China soldiers pretended to be lamas to stir up riots", so as to shirk the responsibility of launching the "March 14th Tibet incident". And there is a lot of evidence that this is another smear of Dalai’s low level that can’t stand scrutiny.

　　　 On this issue, the World Wide Web contacted Ren Yan, a special correspondent of Global Times in India. At that time, the fact was that the Dalai Lama only gave lip service at the press conference and did not produce evidence and photos. Moreover, the general view in India was that China had been committed to the stability of Tibet and could not take the initiative to provoke conflicts. Therefore, the Indian media only mentioned the Dalai Lama’s press conference and did not agree with Dalai’s outrageous slander. In the report, he described Dalai’s nonsense as a "war of words".

　　　 According to the Global Times reporter, the "China soldiers posing as lamas" mentioned by the Dalai Lama came from an online photo, but with a little analysis, it can be found that this photo could not have been taken during the "314 Tibet smashing and looting incident":

　　　 First of all, the picture is not China’s army but the armed police force; Secondly, according to the news of Xinhua News Agency in 2004, from January 1, 2005, the officers and men of the Armed Police Force will wear armbands and chest tags in a unified way, but the armed police soldiers in the photo did not wear armbands and chest tags, indicating that this photo was taken at least before 2005; Another fact is that, according to the news of Tibet Business Daily in October, 2004, from October 13th, 2004, human tricycles in Lhasa will uniformly use blue, red and green curtains with Tibetan characteristics, while the color of the tricycle curtain in the picture is still blue, which shows that the photo can’t be taken after November, 2004.

　　　 这张被达赖集团拿来污蔑“中国军人假扮喇嘛挑起暴动”的照片，非但没有起任何效果，照片本身反而成了揭露达赖集团唯恐西藏不乱真面目的铁证，而达赖言之凿凿的新闻会又成了一场可笑的闹剧。

　　　 正如外交部发言人姜瑜31日就达赖称中国军人“假扮僧侣”一事答记者问时表示，达赖用道听途说的谣言无法改变事件真相，只能证明他心虚气短。 (环球时报?环球网 郝?石)

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