Subway construction becomes ＂grave digging＂ archaeology？ Xi ‘an： I am innocent, too.
Recently, it is rumored that the site of "abandoned hill" was accidentally dug up and destroyed during the construction of Xi ‘an subway. This paper not only analyzes that archaeological work is the "culprit" that delays the construction of subway, but also ridicules the Cultural Relics Bureau for going to work like a grave and being busy with cultural relics of little value. For a time, the protection of cultural relics was pushed to the forefront.
The site was discovered by accident? Will subway construction destroy cultural relics? Archaeologists are too busy to hastily dispose of unimportant cultural relics? Metro Line 5 needs to be temporarily rerouted? ……………………… Recently, 208 Fang contacted the Xi ‘an Cultural Relics Bureau and conducted an interview on related hot issues.
This information is not true
The net is ridiculous, and some mainstream media also follow suit. Under the internet profit model of "traffic is revenue", some communicators consciously or unconsciously get caught up in the reading volume of "100,000+",attract their attention with scary headlines such as "subway construction destroys cultural relics" and cover up the truth with inflammatory words such as "disposing of cultural relics at will". At first glance, the humorous style of writing is very lively, but it conveys the wrong information and misleads the public.
Behind the onlookers of this incident, not only the curiosity of the public was aroused, but also the public’s high concern for urban construction and cultural relics protection and the continuous improvement of cultural relics protection awareness. So, what are rumors? What about the real cultural protection work?
Proverbs 1: Does subway shield construction hurt cultural relics?
Truth: "Sorry, we are not in the same dimension."
According to archaeological data and investigation, the burial depth of ancient sites and tombs in the urban area of Xi ‘an is generally not more than 10 meters, while the subway shield construction is 10-mdash; It is less than 18 meters, so it will not "meet" with cultural relics. What about harm? There are large and deep ancient tombs outside the city, but the subway shield operation area is mostly carried out under the built roads and buildings, and these areas have carried out cultural relics exploration and archaeological excavation in advance during the road and building construction in the past, and it is difficult for the shield to encounter cultural relics.
Truth: "Don’t treat the cultural relics department as a small transparency."
Every subway in Xi ‘an has been "online" from line planning to construction. When planning, the subway line has evaded the known important sites; Before the construction, archaeological exploration will be carried out on the subway excavation sites and dispatching stations; When archaeological exploration reveals a site or an ancient tomb, archaeological excavation should be carried out first; After the archaeological work, the construction began. Planning, exploration, excavation and protection all have a set of strict process specifications.
"Before the construction of all projects in Xi’ an and the government’s land transfer, they must go through archaeological exploration and cover the whole city, which is rare in the country." Wang Zili, vice president of Xi ‘an Institute of Archaeology for Cultural Relics Protection, said that the implementation of "archaeological pre-positioning" has avoided the destruction of cultural relics in urban development and construction to the greatest extent. The so-called "accidental" discovery by netizens is just the inevitable result of archaeological work.
Proverbs 3: Metro Line 5 will be temporarily rerouted?
The truth: "The relevant personnel are ignorant: Why didn’t I know?"
In fact, as early as 2016, Xi ‘an Archaeological Institute confirmed and discovered the site of Dongmafang, a "Sanpu" cultural relic, in cooperation with the archaeological exploration of Qinhuang Avenue project in Xixian New Area. From July to November, 2018, the Epang Palace and Shanglinyuan Archaeological Team, which were jointly formed by the Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and Xi ‘an Institute of Cultural Relics Protection Archaeology, excavated the project land with an area of 9,402 square meters, and found 3 rammed earth building foundations, 23 cleaning wells, 15 stoves, 73 ash pits, 5 modern pits, 1 tomb and 25 anatomical ditches. According to archaeological excavations and documents, and through expert argumentation, it is preliminarily judged that the cultural remains here may be the capital of Yong Wang Zhang Han, one of the Three Qin Dynasties — — Abandoned mound site. Due to the large scope of this site, it partially involves the line between Ximafang Station and Convention Center Station in the second phase of Metro Line 5. In December of the same year, the cultural relics department and the subway department organized experts to study the fine-tuning scheme of the subway line involving this area, and now the technical scheme has been formulated and reported.
In the construction of Xi ‘an Metro Line 2, a series of scientific and effective technical measures were taken for the subway to pass through the cultural relics buildings such as Xi ‘an City Wall and Bell Tower, such as adopting two-way bypass, increasing buried depth, shield construction, controlling settlement, adopting underground excavation method and seamless connection, which has reference significance for the cultural relics protection in subway construction in other parts of China and has been affirmed by National Cultural Heritage Administration.
Proverbs 4: There are too many cultural relics in Xi ‘an, so you will hastily dispose of less important cultural relics?
Truth: "Equal treatment, the road is not wild."
Archaeological excavation should be carried out for the underground cultural relics found, and it needs to go through the steps of applying for excavation license, site excavation and cleaning, photography, surveying and mapping, site protection, reinforcement, registration number, packaging and extraction of cultural relics. "Like surgery, no matter how big or small, there are no fewer procedural steps. We should extract all the information and not deal with it rashly." Tang Long, director of the Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology Department of Xi ‘an Cultural Relics Bureau, said that the protection of cultural relics is a national interest, and all archaeological excavations are treated equally, but the final display methods will be different.
After all, there are currently 3,246 immovable cultural relics registered in Xi ‘an, 52 national key cultural relics protection units, 108 provincial cultural relics protection units, and 264 city (county) cultural relics protection units ….. There are a large number, wide distribution and high level of cultural relics resources, which determines that the cultural protection work in Xi ‘an must be protected and displayed according to laws, regulations, steps and points.
Truth: "Cultural relics workers are explorers who restore history."
Tang Long told Fang Mei that archaeological work focuses on the first two of the three philosophical propositions — — "who am I" and "where do I come from". Archaeology is the basic work for the protection of cultural relics, and the material evidence provided by archaeology is the "just visiting" that connects the ancients and modern people, and enables modern people to intuitively feel the production and life scenes of the ancients and the splendid culture created.
"Before I have been to Sanxingdui, I can’t clearly understand what a" long-sighted "person is; Only after seeing the beautiful grape, flower, bird and silver sachet unearthed in hejia village cellar can we perceive the outstanding production technology and scientific and technological development level of the Tang Dynasty … "When it comes to unearthed cultural relics, Tang Long talked about it.
It is such a group of unknown archaeological explorers and guardians of cultural relics that cultural relics buried underground for thousands of years can wipe away the dust of history and glow with brand-new brilliance.
Babies buried along the subway
Fang Mei learned that the archaeological work of Xi ‘an Metro Line 2, Line 1, Line 3 and Line 4 has been completed, and these four subways have been completed and opened to traffic. The second phase of Line 5, Line 6 and Line 1, which are under construction, are all carrying out archaeological exploration and excavation. So, what are the archaeological discoveries along these subways?
Line two
A total of 174 ancient tombs were excavated along the subway that runs through the north-south axis of Xi ‘an city center. The tombs are small in scale and low in grade, and most of them belong to civilian tombs. Unearthed cultural relics are also very common, mainly pottery. Tombs are mainly distributed at the north and south ends of Line 2, especially in Zhangjiabao area in the northern suburb, and the burial times are mostly in the Western Han Dynasty. At the southern end of Line 2, the line passes through the ancient tomb area of Fengqiyuan in the southern suburbs of Xi ‘an, and the tombs of Han and Ming dynasties are mainly found.
On Line 1 (Houweizhai-Textile City Section), five ancient tombs were found, belonging to Han and Tang Dynasties. Among them, Kangfu Road subway station found one tomb of Tang Dynasty, Tonghua Gate (Jinhua Road) station found one ancient tomb, Wanshou Road station found two ancient tombs, and Textile City station found one ancient tomb.
Line 3
From 2013 to 2015, Xi ‘an Archaeological Institute conducted archaeological exploration, among which 36 modern tombs and 6 wells were found in the depot of the port area. No ancient sites and tombs were found.
Line 4
From May to October, 2015, Xi ‘an Archaeological Institute excavated 34 ancient tombs in Aerospace New Town Depot, including 8 tombs of Han Dynasty, 2 tombs of Northern Dynasty, 17 tombs of Tang Dynasty, 1 tomb of Ming Dynasty and 6 tombs of Qing Dynasty. A total of 263 cultural relics were unearthed. Of the 34 ancient tombs, 32 were stolen before archaeological exploration and excavation. In addition, in June 2016, Xi ‘an Archaeological Institute excavated two Han tombs at Daming Palace Station.
Metro Line 5 and Line 6 are under construction, and Xi ‘an Archaeological Institute is carrying out archaeological exploration in the excavation area of the station enclosure along the line and the parking lot of the depot. Recently, a Han tomb was excavated in the north of Muta Temple Park in cooperation with the construction of Science and Technology Sixth Road Station on Line 6.
What is the coffee spot of Xi ‘an cultural relics system in China?
Xi ‘an is a city built on a thousand-year-old historic site. Since the 11th century BC, when Fenghao, the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, was established, Xi ‘an has a history of 3,100 years of urban development. Thirteen dynasties established their capitals here, which lasted for more than 1,100 years. It is also known as the "four historical ancient capitals" together with Cairo, Athens and Rome, and its cultural heritage is recognized as systematic, typical and representative.
The outstanding feature of Xi ‘an city is that the modern urban area and the ancient cultural heritage area are seriously overlapped. Among the 490 square kilometers of the central urban area, there are more than 200 square kilometers of important sites, the most important of which are the capital sites and imperial tombs of Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties.
According to the third national cultural relics survey, there are currently 3,246 immovable cultural relics registered in Xi ‘an, 52 national key cultural relics protection units, 108 provincial cultural relics protection units and 264 city (county) cultural relics protection units.
World cultural heritage has two places and six points: Terracotta Warriors and Horses; Silk Road: Chang ‘an — Tianshan Corridor Road Network: Weiyang Palace Site in Chang ‘an City of Han Dynasty, Daming Palace Site in Chang ‘an City of Tang Dynasty, Big Wild Goose Pagoda, Little Wild Goose Pagoda and Xingjiao Temple Pagoda;
There are 4 national archaeological sites parks: Qin Shihuang Mausoleum National Archaeological Site Park, Hanyang Mausoleum National Archaeological Site Park, Daming Palace National Archaeological Site Park and Weiyang Palace National Archaeological Site Park in Chang ‘an, Han, ranking first in the country, accounting for one-ninth of the country;
There are 5 provincial-level cultural heritage parks: Duling, Shunling, Huaqing Palace Site, Xi ‘an City Wall and Dahua Cotton Mill, accounting for one fifth of the province;
There are 136 museums in Xi ‘an, including 7 national first-class museums: Shaanxi History Museum, Terracotta Warriors Museum of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, Xi ‘an Forest of Steles Museum, Hanyang Mausoleum Museum, Banpo Museum, Xi ‘an Museum and Datang West City Museum;
In recent years, Wei River Bridge Site in Chang ‘an City of Han Dynasty, Quercus Yangcheng Site in Qin and Han Dynasties (Yanliang) and Yangguanzhai Site (Gaoling) have gained ten new archaeological discoveries in China, which have attracted wide attention from all walks of life.
How to combine cultural protection with urban construction perfectly?
"In Xi ‘an, every hoe is a cultural relic", although it is a joke, it reflects the richness of Xi ‘an cultural heritage. Then, the problem comes: as a world famous historical and cultural city, Xi ‘an is always faced with the problem of how to protect the historical and cultural heritage and how to make good use of this urban resource on the basis of protection, so that the protection of historical and cultural heritage and urban modernization can coexist harmoniously.
In the face of contradictions, Xi ‘an has also formed a set of unique working mechanisms and systems to coordinate the protection of historical and cultural heritage and the development of urban modernization. For example, on the planning level, it is determined that the overall layout of Xi ‘an is a spatial development model of inheriting the ancient capital; At the level of laws and regulations, it constitutes the legal guarantee for the protection of historical and cultural heritage in Xi ‘an, and the work of cultural protection has a rigid constraint, which makes the protection of historical and cultural heritage have laws to follow and rules to follow.
According to Tang Long, in order to solve the problem of how to strengthen the protection of cultural relics in construction projects, the Regulations on the Protection of Immovable Cultural Relics in Xi ‘an, which was promulgated in December 2017, innovatively proposed that "before the allocation and transfer of land use rights, the municipal cultural relics administrative department shall organize archaeological investigation and exploration, and put forward opinions on land supply, and the expenses for archaeological investigation and exploration shall be borne by the municipal, district and county people’s governments". Not only did it solve the long-standing contradiction between cultural relics protection and construction projects, but it also realized the change from "archaeology before construction" to "archaeology before land transfer", making the land transfer a real "clean land", which is more conducive to developers’ investment and construction, and also has demonstration significance at the national level.
The "Xi ‘an Model" for the protection of great sites, the implementation of the "Museum City" construction, and the publication of the first industry consensus document "Xi ‘an Declaration" in the field of international cultural heritage protection named after the city of China … On the basis of the protection of traditional objects, the memory of cultural symbols, and the development and utilization of tourism value, how to endow historical and cultural relics with new connotations and new vitality, so as to organically combine them with modern urban functions, industrial development, employment and citizens’ lives, It plays a greater role in enhancing the city’s value, developing modern civilization, and improving the living environment, so that the urban civilization can develop continuously, and at the same time, the historical and cultural heritage can be protected and utilized forever. Xi ‘an has been advancing through exploration.
"Only by closely linking the protection of historical and cultural heritage with the expansion of modern urban functions, especially with the improvement of people’s lives, can history and culture be full of vitality, ‘ Cultural relics ’ In order to truly become ‘ Culture ’ Cultural relics can be truly ‘ Live ’ . For example, the opening of Daming Palace, Kunming Pool, Temple of Heaven and other sites has entered people’s lives in the form of public green spaces and parks. At present, Xi’ an is also actively exploring how to combine cultural relics protection with science and technology to better display cultural heritage, so that it can truly become a culture in the sense of people’s concepts and become a realistic and living culture, so that people can enjoy the dividends brought by cultural heritage protection. " Tang Long believes that only in this way can the development of modern cities be truly integrated with the protection of historical and cultural heritage, find a real foundation for the protection and display of historical and cultural heritage, and make historical culture a part of modern urban culture and people’s lives, thus becoming the core and soul of urban culture and enhancing the cultural self-confidence of the general public.
"Let the cultural relics speak and tell people the historical wisdom", as the Supreme Leader General Secretary said, every cultural relic is the narrator of China’s good story, and with a heart of awe, it is the immediate meaning of "making cultural relics alive" to explore the expression that cultural relics are easily accepted by modern audiences, tap the value of cultural relics in the new era, attract the public, especially young people, and let more people join in the protection of cultural heritage.
In the future, it is a test and a responsibility for Xi ‘an to integrate the natural geographical environment of a famous historical and cultural city with the internal texture of citizens’ life as a whole, and to show the historical and cultural development track of a thousand-year-old capital in a more comprehensive, three-dimensional and delicate way. (People’s Daily Central Kitchen Room 208 Wang Ziyu)
