Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, July 11th-the State Council Press Office released a white paper on the protection of marine ecological environment in China on July 11th. The full text is as follows:

　　Protection of marine ecological environment in China

　　(July 2024)

　　People’s Republic of China (PRC)

　　the State Council Information Office

　　catalogue

　　foreword

　　First, build a harmonious marine ecological environment

　　II. Promoting the protection of marine ecological environment as a whole

　　(1) Planning guidance

　　(2) Protection according to law

　　(3) System guarantee

　　Third, systematically manage the marine ecological environment

　　(1) Comprehensive management of key sea areas

　　(2) Collaborative control of land-based pollution

　　(3) Precise prevention and control of marine pollution

　　(4) Strive to build a beautiful bay.

　　Fourth, scientifically carry out marine ecological protection and restoration

　　(1) Building a solid marine ecological barrier

　　(2) Implementing marine ecological restoration.

　　(3) Strictly observe the marine disaster defense line.

　　(four) to carry out the demonstration of the establishment of the island of the United States.

　　(5) Building an ecological coastal zone

　　Five, strengthen the supervision and management of marine ecological environment

　　(a) the implementation of space use control and environmental zoning control.

　　(two) to carry out monitoring and investigation.

　　(3) Strict supervision and law enforcement

　　(D) to strengthen the assessment of inspectors

　　Sixth, improve the level of marine green and low-carbon development

　　(1) Promoting the efficient utilization of marine resources.

　　(B) thick planting green background of marine economy

　　(C) Explore the realization of the value of ecological products

　　(4) Carry out green and low-carbon national action.

　　Seven, all-round international cooperation in marine ecological environment protection.

　　(1) Actively fulfill the contract and participate in global governance.

　　(2) Expanding the "circle of friends" of maritime cooperation.

　　(3) Expand cooperation in deep-sea polar scientific research

　　(D) extensive training in foreign aid.

　　Concluding remarks

　　foreword

　　The ocean accounts for about 71% of the earth’s surface area. It is the cradle of life and the source of human civilization. The marine ecological environment is related to the ecological balance of the earth and the rational utilization of resources, to the sustainable development of human civilization, and to the reality and future of the community of marine destiny. Protecting the marine ecological environment plays an important role in safeguarding the national ecological security, promoting the sustainable development of the ocean and realizing the harmonious coexistence of human and sea. Firmly protecting and improving the marine environment and protecting and sustainably utilizing marine resources are the common responsibility and mission of all countries.

　　China is a staunch promoter and active actor of marine ecological environment protection. Protecting the marine ecological environment is related to the beautiful China and the construction of a maritime power. Over the years, China has adhered to ecological priority and systematic governance, coordinated the relationship between development and protection, supported high-quality development with high-level protection, and strived to build a harmonious marine ecological environment.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has made a series of important expositions on the protection of marine ecological environment, emphasizing "to care for the ocean like life". Under the guidance of the supreme leader’s ecological civilization thought, China has carried out a series of fundamental, pioneering and long-term work to adapt to the new situation, new tasks and new requirements of marine ecological environment protection, which has promoted historic, turning and overall changes in marine ecological environment protection. Through unremitting efforts, the overall quality of marine ecological environment in China has been improved, the service function of some sea areas’ ecosystems has been significantly improved, marine resources have been developed and utilized in an orderly manner, the marine ecological environment governance system has been continuously improved, and the people’s sense of access, happiness and security to the sea and the sea have been significantly improved, and remarkable results have been achieved in marine ecological environment protection. China has actively promoted international cooperation in marine environmental protection, earnestly fulfilled its obligations under international conventions, put forward China’s plan for global marine environmental governance, and contributed to China’s strength, demonstrating the actions and responsibilities of a responsible big country.

　　In order to introduce the concept, practice and effect of marine ecological environment protection in China, enhance the international community’s understanding and understanding of marine ecological environment protection in China, and promote international cooperation in marine ecological environment protection, this white paper is hereby issued.

　　First, build a harmonious marine ecological environment

　　The marine industry is related to the survival and development of the nation and the rise and fall of the country. Protecting the marine ecological environment is related to the modernization of harmonious coexistence between man and nature. China fully implements the new development concept, attaches great importance to the protection of marine ecological environment, based on the basic national conditions and development stages, continuously deepens the understanding of marine ecological environment protection, continuously improves the marine ecological environment protection system, and accelerates the construction of marine ecological civilization.

　　After the founding of New China, with the continuous development of marine industry, China attaches great importance to the marine ecological environment and pays close attention to its protection. After the establishment of the State Oceanic Administration in 1964, the marine ecological environment management system in China was gradually established. The marine environmental protection law was promulgated in 1982, which marked that the marine environmental protection in China entered the legal track. In 1999, the marine environmental protection law was revised to promote the transformation of marine environmental protection from focusing on pollution prevention to giving consideration to ecological protection. China has formulated China Marine Agenda 21, implemented the UN Agenda for Sustainable Development in 2030, and promoted the systematic and professional development of marine ecological environment protection. In 2023, the marine environmental protection law was revised again to realize the systematic transformation to land and sea planning and comprehensive management.

　　China, based on enhancing the coordination of land and sea pollution prevention and control and the integrity of ecological environment protection, has incorporated marine ecological environment protection into the national ecological environment protection system, gradually opened up land and sea, strengthened the overall coordination of land and sea ecological environment protection functions, and established and improved the marine ecological environment management system. By continuously strengthening the prevention and control of marine environmental pollution, actively carrying out marine ecological protection and restoration, and deeply fighting the tough battle of comprehensive management of key sea areas, the quality of marine environment in China has been greatly improved, the ecosystem service function of some sea areas has been significantly improved, and the process of orderly development and utilization of resources and green transformation of marine economy has been significantly accelerated.

　　China’s marine ecological environment protection develops through inheritance, innovates through exploration, and strives to build a harmonious marine ecological environment.

　　— — Adhere to respect for nature and ecological priority. Firmly establish the concept of respecting nature, adapting to nature and protecting nature, objectively understand the natural laws of marine ecosystems, and proceed from the succession and internal mechanism of marine ecosystems, strive to improve the self-regulation, self-purification and self-recovery capabilities of marine ecosystems, and enhance their stability and ecological service functions. Adhere to the bottom line thinking and ecological priority, incorporate the construction of marine ecological civilization into the overall layout of marine development, build a protective barrier for marine ecological environment, scientifically and rationally develop and utilize marine resources, and promote harmony between people and sea.

　　— — Adhere to integrated protection and systematic governance. The protection of marine ecological environment is a systematic project. China adheres to the concept of system, making overall plans, paying equal attention to development and protection, paying equal attention to pollution prevention and ecological restoration, and promoting marine ecological environment protection by land and sea. Adhere to the linkage of rivers and seas and the mutual assistance of mountains and seas, open up the upstream and downstream of onshore waters, land seas and river basins, build a cooperative mechanism of regional linkage and departmental coordination for protection, governance, supervision and law enforcement, and explore the establishment of a comprehensive governance system that integrates coastal areas, river basins and sea areas.

　　— — Adhere to the law and strict supervision. China protects the marine ecological environment with the strictest system and the strictest rule of law. Adhere to the rule of law, coordinate the revision of relevant laws and regulations, establish a legal system for marine ecological environment protection, and implement the most stringent marine ecological environment governance system. Strengthen the normalization, whole-process supervision and management of marine ecological environment zoning control, monitoring and investigation, supervision and law enforcement, assessment and supervision, give play to the role of the central ecological environmental protection inspector and the national natural resources inspector, strike hard, punish chaos severely, and severely crack down on acts that destroy the marine ecological environment.

　　— — Adhere to innovation-driven and technology-led. China adheres to innovation-driven development, strengthens the innovation of marine ecological environment protection technology system, monitoring and evaluation, system and mechanism, makes scientific decisions and precise policies, and promotes the digital and intelligent transformation and upgrading of marine ecological environment protection. Implement the strategy of "invigorating the sea through science and technology", give full play to the leading role of science and technology in marine ecological environment protection, strive to break through the bottleneck of science and technology that restricts marine ecological environment protection and high-quality development of marine economy, and use various means of land, sea, air and sky to improve the monitoring, governance, supervision, emergency response capability and technical level of marine ecological environment.

　　— — Adhere to green transformation and low-carbon development. Blue sea and silver beach are also green mountains and green hills, and Jinshan Yinshan. China adheres to the concept of green development, explores the path of marine green development, promotes the transformation of marine development mode to recycling, vigorously develops green industries such as eco-tourism and eco-fishery, and constantly expands the path of realizing the value of eco-products, so as to promote the high-quality economic development and create a high-quality life in coastal areas with high-level protection of marine ecological environment. Based on the strategic goal of "double carbon", with pollution reduction and carbon reduction as the starting point, we will jointly promote foreign exchange increase and emission reduction in the marine field, develop new green and low-carbon economic formats such as marine pastures and offshore wind power, promote the green and low-carbon transformation of the marine industry, and accelerate the green and low-carbon sustainable development of the marine industry.

　　— — Adhere to the government-led and pluralistic governance. Adhere to the government’s leading position in marine ecological environment protection, play a key role in system design, scientific planning, regulatory services, risk prevention, etc., and establish a working mechanism for marine ecological environment protection with central planning, overall responsibility of provinces, and implementation by cities and counties. Activate business entities, transaction elements and social capital to participate in marine ecological environment protection, create a sustainable model of marine environmental protection and ecological restoration, and strive to build a modern marine ecological environment governance system with the leadership of party committees, government-led, corporate entities, social organizations and the public.

　　— — Adhere to the supremacy of the people and the participation of the whole people. China adheres to the principle of eco-benefiting people, eco-benefiting people and eco-serving the people, constantly meeting people’s new expectations for a good ecological environment, effectively solving outstanding marine ecological environment problems, constantly improving the quality of being close to the sea, striving to make people eat green, safe and assured seafood, enjoy the blue sky and clean beaches, and constantly improve people’s sense of being close to the sea, happiness and security. Adhere to the people, rely on the people, promote the harmonious coexistence of marine ecological culture, form a consensus and action consciousness of the whole people to actively participate in marine ecological environmental protection, and create a new pattern of co-construction, co-governance and sharing of marine ecological environmental protection.

　　— — Adhere to the world, win-win cooperation. Adhering to the concept of a community of marine destiny, China, with an open mind, an inclusive mentality and a broad perspective, shares weal and woe with people all over the world to jointly meet the challenges of marine ecological environment, resolutely safeguard the common interests of mankind, and leave a blue sea and blue sky for future generations. Adhere to the principles of mutual trust, mutual assistance and mutual benefit, promote international cooperation in marine ecological environment protection, share the fruitful results of protection and development, and contribute China’s wisdom and China’s strength to jointly build a clean and beautiful ocean.

　　II. Promoting the protection of marine ecological environment as a whole

　　China attaches great importance to the construction of marine ecological civilization and protection of marine ecological environment, strengthens top-level design, adheres to planning guidance, strengthens overall coordination, establishes and improves laws, regulations and institutional systems, and constantly improves institutional mechanisms to promote the smooth development of marine ecological environment protection.

　　(1) Planning guidance

　　China, based on the new situation, new tasks and new requirements of marine ecological environment protection, based on the national economic and social development plan and linked with the national spatial planning, has formulated special plans for marine ecological environment protection and related field plans to lead the work of marine ecological environment protection.

　　Systematic planning of marine ecological environment protection. Relevant planning of marine ecological environment protection is the basic basis for guiding the implementation of marine ecological environment protection and promoting the construction of marine ecological civilization. The national economic and social development plan makes strategic arrangements for marine ecological environment protection. The national land and space planning has made overall arrangements for the construction of a harmonious marine spatial pattern between land and sea, and made spatial strategic guidance for the protection of marine ecological environment in the sea areas under its jurisdiction. In recent years, China issued the "14th Five-Year Plan" to explore the establishment of a new system of "national, provincial, municipal and bay" hierarchical governance, promote the formation of a new pattern of comprehensive governance based on the bay as the basic unit and action carrier, and lead the marine ecological environment protection work in the new era; The special plan for scientific and technological innovation in the field of ecological environment during the 14th Five-Year Plan, the regulatory plan for ecological protection during the 14th Five-Year Plan, the monitoring plan for ecological environment during the 14th Five-Year Plan and the national plan for marine dumping areas (2021-2025) were issued to guide the scientific and technological innovation of marine ecological environment protection, the supervision of marine ecological protection and restoration, the monitoring and evaluation of marine ecological environment, and the management of marine dumping, providing solid support for comprehensively strengthening marine ecological environment protection.

　　Spatial layout of marine development and protection adhering to the principle of ecological priority. Marine space is the basic carrier for protecting and restoring marine ecosystem, making overall arrangements for marine development and utilization activities, and implementing various tasks of marine governance. Marine space planning is an important tool for making overall arrangements for various marine space development and protection activities. Various types of spatial planning, such as National Marine Functional Zoning, National Marine Major Functional Zone Planning and National Island Protection Planning, have been issued successively, which have played an active role in the classified protection and rational utilization of sea areas and islands at different stages. After the overall deployment of "multi-regulation integration" was made in 2018, several opinions on establishing a land spatial planning system and supervising its implementation were issued, the Outline of National Land Spatial Planning (2021-2035) was issued, and the Spatial Planning of Coastal Zone and Coastal Waters (2021-2035) was compiled, and land spatial planning at all levels in coastal areas was implemented one after another, forming a marine spatial planning with land and sea as a whole.

　　Promote protection and restoration in an orderly manner. Under the guidance of the spatiality of land and space planning, in order to plan and design the protection and restoration of important ecosystems in coastal areas, China formulated and implemented the Construction Plan for Major Projects of Coastal Ecological Protection and Restoration (2021-2035) for the first time, focusing on improving the quality and stability of coastal ecosystems and enhancing coastal ecosystem services, forming an overall pattern of major projects of coastal ecological protection and restoration with "one belt, two corridors, six districts and multiple points"; In order to improve the diversity, stability and sustainability of marine ecosystems, the 14th Five-Year Plan for Marine Ecological Protection and Restoration, the Special Action Plan for Mangroves Protection and Restoration (2020-2025) and the Special Action Plan for Spartina alterniflora Prevention and Control (2022-2025) have been issued, with scientific and rational layout, local conditions, zoning and classification policies, and overall promotion of the 14th Five-Year Plan.

　　(2) Protection according to law

　　Relying on the rule of law is the fundamental follow-up of marine ecological environment protection. China has improved the system of laws and regulations on marine ecological environment protection, strengthened the administration of justice, carried out popularization of laws, formed a good atmosphere for the whole society to respect, learn, abide by and use the law, and promoted the operation of marine ecological environment protection under the rule of law.

　　Establish and improve the marine ecological environment protection laws and regulations system. China attaches great importance to the legislation of marine ecological environment protection, and has successively promulgated a series of relevant laws and regulations. In 1982, the Marine Environmental Protection Law was promulgated. After two revisions and three revisions, it constantly adapts to the new situation and keeps pace with the times. It is a comprehensive law in the field of national marine environmental protection. Around the marine environmental protection law, seven administrative regulations, including regulations on marine dumping, more than 10 departmental regulations and more than 100 normative documents have been formulated, more than 200 technical standards and norms have been issued, and the legal and regulatory system for marine ecological environmental protection has been basically established. In addition to the special marine environmental protection law, other important laws have also made relevant provisions, such as the Law on the Administration of Sea Area Use and the Law on Island Protection, which stipulate the sustainable utilization, protection and improvement of the ecological environment of sea islands; the Law on Wetland Protection and the Law on Fisheries stipulate the protection of coastal wetlands and fishery resources; and the Law on the Protection of the Yangtze River and the Law on the Protection of the Yellow River stipulate the planning, monitoring and restoration of estuaries. Coastal provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have promulgated and implemented local laws and regulations or government regulations on marine ecological environment protection, and Guangxi, Hainan and other places have specially legislated to protect coastal beaches and rare animal and plant resources.

　　Do a good job in judicial protection of marine ecological environment. The court has actively explored the practice of judicial protection of the marine environment, and since 1984, it has tried more than 5,000 civil disputes over the marine environment. Since 2015, the Maritime Court has concluded more than 1,000 administrative litigation cases involving the marine environment, and explored criminal cases such as pollution of the marine environment, illegal sand mining at sea and illegal harvesting of precious and endangered aquatic wild animals. On the basis of summing up practical experience, China has gradually formed a "three-in-one" marine environmental protection judicial system of criminal, civil and administrative litigation, as well as a marine environmental public interest litigation system with China characteristics, thus building a solid judicial defense line for marine ecological environmental protection.

　　Carry out the popularization of marine ecological environment protection. Through holding press conferences, holding lectures and training, media publicity, knowledge contests, distributing publicity materials and other forms, laws and regulations related to sea areas, islands, marine environmental protection, and management of fishing boats at sea were publicized and popularized. In some areas, laws and regulations related to marine ecological environmental protection were innovated and popularized through VR (virtual reality) experience, interactive games, micro movies and other forms, with remarkable results. Increase publicity to coastal areas, marine-related enterprises and the public, urge local governments to protect and use the sea area scientifically and rationally, urge marine-related enterprises to perform their responsibilities, guide the public to raise their awareness of marine laws and regulations, and let more marine-related units and people understand, protect and care for the ocean.

　　(3) System guarantee

　　Establish a series of marine ecological environment protection systems, basically realize the overall connection between land and marine management systems and mechanisms, gradually improve the marine ecological environment protection management system, and continuously improve the efficiency of marine ecological environment governance.

　　Establish the "four beams and eight pillars" of the protection system. China attaches great importance to using the system to protect the marine ecological environment, regulates the development and utilization of marine resources, and establishes the "four pillars and eight pillars" of the marine ecological environment protection system in combination with practice and according to law. In terms of pollution prevention and control, establish systems such as filing sewage outlets into the sea, environmental assessment approval, marine dumping permission, and emergency response; In the aspect of ecological protection and restoration, the system of marine ecological protection red line, nature reserve and natural coastline control should be established; In terms of supervision and management, the system of land space use control, ecological environment zoning control, central ecological environment protection inspector, national natural resources inspector, target responsibility system, assessment, monitoring and investigation is established; In terms of green development, the system of marine ecological protection compensation, fishing quota and fishing license, and paid use of sea areas should be established.

　　Form a management system of "departmental coordination and up-and-down linkage". After years of construction and development, the management system of marine ecological environment protection in China has experienced a development process from scratch, from weak to strong. In 2018, the State Council’s institutional reform integrated the responsibility of marine environmental protection into the ecological environment department, and the responsibility of marine protection, restoration, development and utilization into the natural resources department. The departments of transportation, maritime affairs, fishery, forestry and grass, marine police and army participated in the marine ecological environment protection work together according to their respective functions, which opened up the land and sea, and enhanced the synergy of land and sea pollution prevention and control and the integrity of ecological environment protection. Set up ecological environment supervision institutions in the North Sea area of Haihe River Basin, the South China Sea area of Pearl River Basin and the East China Sea area of Taihu Lake Basin to undertake marine ecological environment supervision. Coastal provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) undertake specific responsibilities for the ecological environment management in coastal waters, and implement key tasks, major projects and important measures to promote the protection and management of marine ecological environment. Over the years, China has formed a working mechanism of marine ecological environment protection with multi-sectoral coordination and linkage between the central and local governments, and initially established a comprehensive management system of coastal areas, river basins and sea areas.

　　Third, systematically manage the marine ecological environment

　　Adhere to the key attack and system management simultaneously, land and sea as a whole, river and sea linkage, carry out marine ecological environment management, and continuously improve the quality of marine ecological environment.

　　(1) Comprehensive management of key sea areas

　　The Bohai Sea, the Yangtze River Estuary-Hangzhou Bay, the Pearl River Estuary and other key sea areas are located in the strategic intersection of high-quality development along the coast of China, with developed economy, dense population, high intensity of marine development and utilization, obvious characteristics of regional marine ecological environment, and relatively concentrated and prominent problems. Therefore, it is very important to implement comprehensive management.

　　Fight hard to win the battle for comprehensive management of Bohai Sea. Bohai Sea is a semi-closed inland sea in China, with poor seawater exchange capacity and insufficient self-purification capacity. Since 2018, China has launched the first battle to tackle pollution prevention and control in the marine field, taking the comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea as one of the landmark battles in the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" campaign. According to the overall deployment of "planning the layout in one year, starting from the overall situation in two years, and achieving results at the beginning of three years", focusing on the "1+12" cities around the Bohai Sea, we will pay close attention to the excellent proportion of water quality in the coastal waters, the "deterioration" of rivers entering the sea, the investigation and rectification of sewage outlets entering the sea, and the coastal areas After three years of hard work, all the core objectives and tasks of comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea were completed with high quality, which initially curbed the deterioration trend of the ecological environment in the Bohai Sea and promoted the continuous improvement of the ecological environment quality in the Bohai Sea. In 2020, the proportion of excellent water quality (Grade I and II) in the coastal waters of Bohai Sea will reach 82.3%, which is 15.3 percentage points higher than that in 2017 before the implementation of the tough battle. ① The national control sections of 49 rivers entering the sea around Bohai Sea will be completely eliminated, and a total of 8,891 hectares of coastal wetlands and 132 kilometers of coastline will be rehabilitated.

　　Comprehensively carry out the tough battle of comprehensive management of key sea areas. Since 2021, on the basis of consolidating and deepening the achievements of the tough battle for comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea, China has expanded the tough battle to the Yangtze River Estuary-Hangzhou Bay and the adjacent waters of the Pearl River Estuary. As one of the landmark battles for deepening the tough battle for pollution prevention and control in the "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan", it has systematically deployed 8 coastal provinces (cities) and 24 coastal cities in the three key sea areas, adhered to precise pollution control, scientific pollution control and pollution control according to law, and thoroughly implemented comprehensive management, systematic management and source of land and sea planning. The overall water quality of key sea areas is improving. In 2023, the proportion of areas with excellent water quality (Class I and II) in the Bohai Sea, the Yangtze River Estuary-Hangzhou Bay and the Pearl River Estuary was 67.5%, an increase of 8.8 percentage points over 2020.

　　(2) Collaborative control of land-based pollution

　　Marine environmental problems are manifested in the sea and rooted on land. China has taken effective measures to promote the coordinated control of land-based pollution, control the key channels of pollutant transport to the ocean, and reduce the overall pressure of land-based pollution on the marine environment.

　　Do a good job in pollution prevention and control of rivers entering the sea. Rivers entering the sea are the most important way for land-based pollutants to enter the sea. China actively improves the quality and efficiency of urban sewage treatment, builds and transforms rain and sewage diversion pipe network, strengthens the supervision of sewage treatment industry, and reduces the impact of urban production and domestic sewage on the water quality of rivers entering the sea. Since 2012, the construction of sewage treatment infrastructure in coastal areas has been significantly accelerated, and the sewage treatment plants in cities above prefecture level have basically completed the upgrading of Grade A standard. Rural environmental improvement has been carried out. Since the "14th Five-Year Plan", 17,000 administrative villages have been newly completed in coastal provinces, and pollution prevention and control plans for livestock breeding in 170 large animal husbandry counties have been compiled. The treatment rate of domestic sewage in rural areas has exceeded 45%, greatly reducing agricultural and rural sewage discharge. Efforts will be made to solve the problem of water pollution and eutrophication in coastal waters with excessive nitrogen emissions in river basins, establish a comprehensive control system that integrates coastal areas, river basins and sea areas, explore the expansion of total nitrogen control scope to the upper reaches of rivers entering the sea, and promote the implementation of "one river and one policy" total nitrogen control in rivers entering the sea. From 2012 to 2017, the water quality of the national control section of the rivers entering the sea in China remained stable and improved, and the water quality improved greatly after 2018. At present, the number of sections with excellent water quality (Class I-III) in the state-controlled sections of rivers entering the sea accounts for about four-fifths of the whole, and the sections with no use function (Class V) are basically eliminated.

　　Hold the important gate of coastal pollution into the sea. The sewage outlet into the sea is an important node for coastal land-based pollution to be discharged into the sea. Issued the "Implementation Opinions on Strengthening the Supervision and Management of Sewage Discharges into the River and the Sea", promoted the investigation, monitoring, traceability and remediation of sewage outfalls into the sea as a whole, and established and improved the whole chain management system for coastal water bodies, sewage outfalls, sewage pipelines and pollution sources. In accordance with the requirements of "check everything, check everything", find out the quantity, distribution, discharge characteristics and responsible subjects of various sewage outlets into the sea, and promote the traceability rectification and responsibility implementation of sewage outlets into the sea. By the end of 2023, China has investigated more than 53,000 sewage outlets into the sea and completed the renovation of more than 16,000 sewage outlets into the sea, which has played an important role in improving the environmental quality of coastal waters. Build a unified information platform for sewage outlets into the sea, further standardize the setting and management of sewage outlets into the sea, and strictly prohibit the establishment of new industrial sewage outlets and urban sewage treatment plant sewage outlets in nature reserves, important fishery waters, beaches, ecological protection red lines and other areas.

　　Clean up and rectify marine garbage. The Opinions on Further Strengthening the Control of Plastic Pollution and the Action Plan for the Control of Plastic Pollution in the 14th Five-Year Plan were issued to control garbage from the source. We will further establish and implement a system for monitoring, intercepting, collecting, salvaging, transporting and treating marine garbage. All coastal cities will regularly carry out prevention, control and rectification of garbage entering the sea in rivers and coastal waters in key sea areas through the system of "maritime sanitation". The new model of "blue cycle" marine plastic waste treatment in Zhejiang Province won the United Nations "Guardian of the Earth Award". We will promote the joint prevention and treatment of garbage in rivers, lakes and seas. In 2022, we will carry out special cleaning and drifting operations in 11 key bays such as Jiaozhou Bay, dispatching 188,100 people and cleaning up about 55,300 tons of all kinds of beach and sea drifting garbage. Consolidate and improve the effectiveness of special cleaning and bleaching work, and in 2024, upgrade the special cleaning and bleaching action in key bays to the marine garbage cleaning action in coastal cities. The monitoring survey of marine garbage and microplastics has been continuously organized. Compared with the results of similar international surveys in recent years, the average density of marine garbage and offshore microplastics in China coastal waters is at a low level.

　　(3) Precise prevention and control of marine pollution

　　Adhere to both development and protection, constantly strengthen the normal supervision of marine engineering, marine dumping, mariculture, maritime transportation and other industries, actively respond to sudden environmental pollution incidents, comprehensively improve the level of prevention and control of marine pollution, and strive to reduce the impact of various marine development and utilization activities on the marine ecological environment.

　　Strictly control the impact of marine engineering and marine dumping on the ecological environment. Continuously optimize the management of environmental impact assessment, start from the source, and strictly control marine engineering construction projects such as reclamation and sea sand mining. Strengthen the prevention and control of pollution in offshore oil and gas exploration and development, and the state will uniformly exercise the power of environmental impact assessment and approval and pollutant discharge supervision. Initiate the preparation of technical specifications for pollutant discharge permits for offshore projects, and promote the incorporation of offshore projects into the management of pollutant discharge permits according to law. In accordance with the principles of science, rationality, economy and safety, choose and set up dumping areas, scientifically and carefully evaluate the operation status of dumping areas, and ensure the safety of ecological environment and navigable water depth in dumping areas. Strict implementation of the dumping permit system, comprehensive use of automatic ship identification system, online monitoring of ocean dumping and other means to carry out off-site supervision, to minimize the impact of waste dumping on the ecological environment.

　　Systematic prevention and control of mariculture pollution. We will issue and implement Opinions on Accelerating the Green Development of Aquaculture and Opinions on Strengthening the Supervision of Marine Aquaculture Ecological Environment, formulate emission standards, strengthen the management of environmental assessment, promote the classified rectification of sewage outlets and tail water monitoring, and systematically strengthen the supervision of marine aquaculture environment. Coastal provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have actively introduced standards for the discharge of aquaculture tail water and strengthened the supervision of pollution discharge. Mariculture is included in the National Catalogue for Classified Management of Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction Projects, and environmental impact assessment management is implemented. In accordance with the requirements of "banning a batch, merging a batch and standardizing a batch", all localities have carried out clean-up and rectification of illegal and unreasonable aquaculture tail water outlets, promoted the upgrading and transformation of pond farming, industrial farming and cage environmental protection, and purified the breeding environment. Coastal provinces, cities and counties have issued tidal flat plans for aquaculture waters, and scientifically demarcated prohibited areas, restricted areas and aquaculture areas for marine aquaculture. Strengthen the prevention and control of pollution in ships and ports. Strictly implement the Control Standard for Discharge of Water Pollutants from Ships, organize special rectification activities to prevent and control water pollution from ships, and incorporate environmental protection standards into ship technical regulations. We will further promote the implementation of the joint supervision system for the transfer and disposal of water pollutants from ships, and coastal provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have basically completed the construction of facilities for receiving, transporting and disposing of pollutants from ships in ports. Continue to carry out supervision and inspection of ship fuel quality, strengthen supervision over the equipment and use of shore power facilities of berthing ships, and investigate and eliminate potential pollution hazards.

　　Establish an emergency system for marine environmental emergencies. We issued and implemented the National Emergency Response Plan for Major Oil Spills at Sea and the Emergency Response Plan for Oil Spill Pollution in Offshore Oil Exploration and Development, defined the emergency organization system, response process, information management release and safeguard measures, and established a relatively complete emergency response plan system for oil spill pollution at sea. Strengthen the investigation of marine environmental risks, and organize three provinces and one city around Bohai Sea to complete the risk assessment and environmental emergency plan filing of more than 5,400 key enterprises involved in hazardous chemicals, heavy metals and industrial wastes, and nuclear power. Develop the national marine ecological environment emergency command system, build an intelligent platform integrating communication, monitoring, decision-making, command and scheduling, and improve the information ability to deal with emergencies. The "oil fingerprint" identification system was developed, and more than 3,200 crude oil samples were collected, which basically realized the full coverage of oil sample collection on offshore oil exploration and development platforms, providing an important basis for solving the liability dispute of offshore oil spill accidents and carrying out oil spill pollution damage assessment.

　　(4) Strive to build a beautiful bay.

　　Bay is a key area to promote the continuous improvement of marine ecological environment. Taking the bay as the basic unit, with the construction goal of creating a beautiful bay with "clean water and clean beaches, fish and gulls gathering together, and harmonious human and sea", the "one bay and one policy" promotes pollution prevention and control in coastal waters, ecological protection and restoration, and beach environment improvement, and systematically improves the ecological environment quality of the bay.

　　Fully deploy the beautiful bay construction. The 14th Five-Year Plan for People’s Republic of China (PRC)’s National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of Long-term Goals in 2035 clearly require the promotion of the protection and construction of the beautiful bay. The Opinions on Comprehensively Promoting the Construction of the Beautiful China include the beautiful bay in the overall construction of the beautiful China, and clearly require that the completion rate of the beautiful bay will reach about 40% by 2027 and be basically completed by 2035. The 14th Five-Year Plan for Marine Ecological Environment Protection focuses on the main line of beautiful bay construction, divides the coastal waters into 283 bay construction units, and implements the key tasks, measures and objectives to each bay one by one. The Action Plan for Improving Beautiful Bay Construction further clarifies that by 2027, more than 110 beautiful bays will be promoted. At present, the construction of beautiful bays is progressing steadily. By the end of 2023, nearly 1,682 key tasks and engineering measures have been completed, and 475 kilometers of coastline and 16,700 hectares of coastal wetlands have been rehabilitated. The area ratio of excellent water quality in 167 bays exceeds 85%, and the area ratio of excellent water quality in 102 bays has increased compared with that in 2022.

　　Take measures to build a beautiful bay. Formulate basic standards for the construction of beautiful bays, set five types of indicators to guide the construction of beautiful bays and encourage the addition of characteristic indicators according to local conditions, with the guidance of good environmental quality, healthy marine ecosystem and harmonious coexistence between people and sea. Establish a beautiful bay construction management platform, track and evaluate the progress by means of on-site investigation and remote sensing monitoring, promote the intelligent supervision of the beautiful bay construction, and urge governments at all levels to carry out comprehensive management of the bay according to local conditions and implement the construction tasks. Establish a diversified investment and financing mechanism, strengthen government guidance, and encourage business entities and social capital to participate in the construction of beautiful bays. Comprehensive use of financial investment, special debt, eco-environment oriented development (EOD) projects and other financial and financial means to accelerate the landing of beautiful bay construction projects. Strengthen the demonstration and guidance of beautiful bay construction, encourage the institutional mechanism and key technology innovation of beautiful bay construction, carry out the selection of excellent cases, promote the demonstration experience model, and lead the improvement of the overall level of beautiful bay construction. At present, two batches of 20 national-level beautiful bay excellent cases have been selected.

　　By further promoting the comprehensive management of key sea areas, the coordinated prevention and control of land and sea pollution, and continuously building beautiful bays, the water quality in the coastal waters of China has generally improved, and the proportion of excellent water quality in 2023 is 21.3 percentage points higher than that in 2012.

　　Fourth, scientifically carry out marine ecological protection and restoration

　　China insists on respecting nature, adapting to nature and protecting nature, making overall plans to promote the integrated protection and systematic restoration of marine ecology, making scientific decisions and making precise policies, keeping the ecological security boundary firmly, and constantly improving the diversity, stability and sustainability of marine ecosystems.

　　(1) Building a solid marine ecological barrier

　　China took the lead in putting forward and implementing the red line system of ecological protection in the world, and effectively built the marine ecological protection barrier by various means, leaving enough time and space for the ocean to recuperate.

　　Establish a marine ecological classification and zoning system. Marine ecological classification and zoning is the basic model of modern marine management. Since 2019, the establishment of marine ecological classification and zoning system has been carried out, and a framework of "two beams and four pillars" has been constructed, and marine ecological classification has been carried out based on biogeography and aquatic scenes and four components of water body, topography, sediment and biology; The marine ecological zoning of different scales is carried out by nesting from top to bottom, and the offshore area of China is divided into 3 ecological primary zones, 22 ecological secondary zones and 53 ecological tertiary zones. In 2023, focusing on the coastal waters with the most frequent human activities, 20 ecological third-level zones in coastal waters were divided into 132 ecological fourth-level zones. By constructing a unified ecological classification standard and dividing ecological zones of different scales, the marine natural geographical pattern of China can be scientifically reflected, which provides basic support for comprehensively understanding the marine ecological background, finely carrying out marine ecological evaluation and protection and restoration.

　　Carry out the evaluation of marine resources and environmental carrying capacity and land space suitability. In 2015, the "Overall Plan for the Reform of Ecological Civilization System" made requirements for the evaluation of the carrying capacity of resources and environment for the first time, and began to evaluate the scale that the natural resources and ecological environment can carry. In 2019, the "Several Opinions on Establishing a Land Spatial Planning System and Supervising its Implementation" was issued, proposing that on the basis of the evaluation of the carrying capacity of resources and environment and the suitability of land spatial development, various functional spaces should be scientifically and orderly laid out. China began to build a technical method system for evaluating the carrying capacity of resources and environment and the suitability of land space development, and organized and completed the evaluation of the carrying capacity of marine resources and environment and the suitability of land space development at national, regional, provincial and municipal levels, as a scientific basis for delineating the red line of marine ecological protection, marine ecological space and marine development and utilization space.

　　Delineate and strictly observe the red line of marine ecological protection. The red line of ecological protection is an important institutional innovation and major decision-making arrangement for the construction of ecological civilization in China. China has made systematic arrangements for key areas of marine ecological protection, giving priority to areas with extremely important ecological functions, such as biodiversity conservation and coastal protection, and areas with extremely fragile ecology, such as coastal erosion, which are strictly protected in the red line of marine ecological protection, with a "one belt and many points" distribution. At the same time, a series of documents were issued to standardize the limited human activities allowed in the red line of ecological protection and clarify the control requirements. We will continue to monitor the red line of ecological protection, evaluate the effectiveness of protection, survey and define targets, rationally optimize the spatial layout of the red line, improve the long-term management and control mechanism of the red line of ecological protection, realize a red line to control important ecological space, and firmly hold the bottom line of national ecological security.

　　Improve the system of marine protected areas. China has included important marine ecosystems, natural concentrated distribution areas of rare and endangered marine life, concentrated distribution areas of marine natural relics and natural landscapes into marine protected areas for key protection. After years of development, China has established 352 sea-related nature reserves, protected sea areas of about 93,300 square kilometers, and prepared five candidate areas for sea-related national parks, covering rare and endangered marine organisms such as spotted seals and Chinese white dolphins, typical ecosystems such as mangroves and coral reefs, as well as landforms such as ancient shell dikes and underwater ancient forest relics, and initially formed a marine protected area system with complete types, reasonable layout and sound functions. Through the construction of marine protected areas, the population of rare marine organisms is gradually recovering, and the number of spotted seals, a national first-class protected animal, wintering in Liaodong Bay is stable at more than 2,000 each year.

　　Conservation of marine biodiversity. By protecting ecological corridors, improving the level of species protection, carrying out scientific research and monitoring, suspending fishing in key sea areas, and increasing and releasing, marine life is actively and effectively protected. At present, more than 28,000 species of marine life have been recorded in China, accounting for about 11% of the recorded species of marine life in the world. About 140,000 copies of various biological resources were collected and preserved by the National Marine Fishery Biological Germplasm Resource Bank, and the collection and preservation of biological genetic resources continued to accelerate. Proliferation and release are carried out in offshore waters, and about 30 billion species of aquatic organisms are released every year. For the key protected species, Chinese white dolphins, turtles, corals and spotted seals, a special national protection action plan or outline was issued, and a national-level species protection alliance was established to carry out fruitful work, and the population was stable and improved. Twenty coastal wetlands, such as Dalian Spotted Seal National Nature Reserve in Liaoning Province and Huidong Harbor Turtle National Nature Reserve in Guangdong Province, have been included in the list of internationally important wetlands.

　　(2) Implementing marine ecological restoration.

　　Adhere to natural restoration, supplemented by artificial restoration, and carry out major marine ecological restoration projects in an orderly manner, initially forming a marine ecological restoration pattern with planning guidance, institutional guarantee, financial support and basic support from the top of the mountain to the ocean, and planting a beautiful marine ecological foundation in China.

　　Adhere to the problem-oriented comprehensive policy. Considering the marine ecosystem as a whole, we should accurately diagnose the marine ecological problems, reasonably determine the objectives and tasks of protection and restoration, adopt the modes of protection and conservation, natural restoration, auxiliary regeneration, ecological reconstruction and so on, optimize the restoration measures and technologies, adapt to the local conditions and time, and make policies by region and classification. For example, in the layout of protection and restoration, the Bohai Sea focuses on warm temperate estuarine wetlands, the Yellow Sea focuses on warm temperate coastal wetlands, the East China Sea focuses on subtropical estuaries, bays and islands, and the South China Sea focuses on subtropical and tropical typical coastal wetlands.

　　Science and technology support standards first. Strengthen the research on the succession law and internal mechanism of marine ecosystem, carry out technical research, build standards and norms, and improve the integrity, scientificity and operability of ecological restoration. Select the first batch of 10 lists of innovative and applicable technologies for marine ecological restoration. We issued the Technical Guide for Marine Ecological Restoration and 11 series technical guidelines for coastal ecological disaster reduction and restoration, formulated technical manuals for the restoration of various typical marine ecosystems such as mangroves, coastal salt marshes and oyster reefs, and formed a systematic technical standard system for restoration.

　　Strengthen financial support for restoration. Since 2016, the central government has set up special funds to support coastal provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) to carry out marine ecological protection and restoration projects, mainly in key areas such as sea areas, islands and coastal zones, which have an important role in ensuring ecological security and have a wide range of ecological benefits. The Opinions on Encouraging and Supporting Social Capital to Participate in Ecological Protection and Restoration was issued to encourage and support social capital to participate in the whole process of investment, design, restoration and management of marine ecological protection and restoration projects, and to promote the establishment of a market-oriented investment and financing mechanism for social capital to participate in marine ecological protection and restoration. We will introduce an incentive policy to give mangrove afforestation qualified new construction land indicators.

　　Implement major marine ecological protection and restoration projects. From 2016 to 2023, the central government supported coastal cities to implement 175 major marine ecological protection and restoration projects, including the "Blue Bay" rectification campaign, the ecological restoration of the Bohai Sea, the coastal protection and restoration project, and the mangrove protection and restoration, covering 11 coastal provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). The central government invested a total of 25.258 billion yuan, which led to the nationwide cumulative renovation and restoration of nearly 1,680 kilometers of coastline and more than 750,000 mu of coastal wetlands. The Special Action Plan for Mangrove Protection and Restoration (2020-2025) was issued. By the end of 2023, about 7,000 hectares of mangroves had been built and 5,600 hectares of existing mangroves had been restored. The results of the land change survey in 2022 show that the mangrove area in China has increased to 29,200 hectares, an increase of about 7,200 hectares compared with the beginning of this century. China is one of the few countries in the world with a net increase in mangrove area. Through the above efforts, the service function of marine ecosystem has been continuously enhanced, the capacity of marine carbon sink has been enhanced, and the ecological security barrier of coastal zone has been built. China is promoting high-quality development with high-level marine ecological protection and restoration.

　　(3) Strictly observe the marine disaster defense line.

　　Marine disasters pose a serious threat to marine ecosystem. By enhancing the resilience of the coastal ecosystem, strengthening the risk identification and emergency response of marine ecological disasters, the ability to prevent and control marine disasters will be continuously improved, and the bottom line of marine ecological security will be effectively maintained.

　　Strengthen the ability of coastal ecosystem to resist typhoon, storm surge and other marine disasters. China is one of the countries with the most serious marine disasters in the world. In order to prevent major marine disasters, a global marine stereoscopic observation network with reasonable layout, complete functions and complete system will be built, and long-term operational observation of the sea areas under the jurisdiction of China and the key sea areas will be basically realized, and the level of autonomy, globalization, intelligence and refinement of marine disaster early warning will be continuously improved, providing technical support for marine disaster prevention and response. Mangroves, coastal salt marshes and other ecosystems are natural defense lines against marine disasters. By building ecological seawalls and building a comprehensive protection system with synergy between ecology and disaster reduction, we can give full play to the disaster prevention and mitigation functions of ecosystems and comprehensively strengthen the coastal ecosystem’s ability to resist marine disasters such as typhoons and storm surges.

　　Enhance the ability to prevent and control marine ecological disasters. Marine ecological disasters have a serious impact on the economic and social development of coastal areas. The marine ecological disasters in China are mainly local biological outbreaks such as red tide and green tide of Enteromorpha prolifera. Formulate emergency plans for red tide disasters, strengthen early warning and monitoring of red tide disasters, timely discover, track and accurately warn red tide disasters, grasp the development and evolution trend of red tide, and provide support for prevention and control of red tide disasters and emergency response. Monitoring, early warning, prevention and control of Enteromorpha prolifera green tide disaster in the Yellow Sea will be carried out to reduce the impact of Enteromorpha prolifera green tide disaster. In view of the local biological outbreaks such as jellyfish and shrimp, we will implement monitoring in key areas and time periods and release information in a timely manner.

　　(four) to carry out the demonstration of the establishment of the island of the United States.

　　Island is an important platform for protecting marine environment and maintaining ecological balance. The demonstration work for the establishment of Hemei Island takes a single island or group of islands as the main body of creation, with the goal of creating a new pattern of harmony between people and islands with green islands, clean beaches, clear water and abundant materials, which effectively promotes the high-level protection and high-quality development of island areas.

　　There are many highlights in creating demonstrations. In 2022, the demonstration of the establishment of Hemei Island was officially launched. Focusing on the connotation of Hemei Island, which is "ecological beauty, living beauty and production beauty", 36 indicators were set in seven aspects, including ecological protection and restoration, resource conservation and intensive utilization, improvement of living environment, green and low-carbon development, characteristic economic development, cultural construction and system construction, to guide the island area to carry out the demonstration. In 2023, the first batch of 33 islands were selected as American islands.

　　Ecology leads to create a demonstration. Adhere to ecological priority, repair and restore the island’s ecological environment, implement ecological protection and restoration projects such as shorelines, islands and aquatic plants, and encourage the development of carbon fixation and exchange enhancement in blue carbon ecosystems such as mangroves and seaweed beds. For example, Long Island, Shandong Province will build an international zero-carbon island, actively explore ways to turn marine carbon sink resources into assets, and issue "marine carbon sink loans" and "seaweed beds and seaweed fields carbon sink loans". We will continue to improve the island’s living environment, strengthen infrastructure construction, improve external traffic conditions, and improve the construction of water supply and drainage, power supply, communications and other facilities. For example, Guangdong Dong ‘ao Island will implement large-scale planting of flowers and arbor irrigation, build a green road that runs through the island and has beautiful scenery, and build a mountain and sea plank road on an offshore island. Promote the new development of the integration of literature and tourism, make use of the characteristic resources of islands, seas, history and temples, deepen the "tourism+"model, make great efforts to promote "tourism+fishery", "tourism+village" and "tourism+culture", innovate the industrial model of cultural and sports tourism, excavate marine stories and inherit traditional culture. For example, Meizhou Island in Fujian Province has set up 33 intangible cultural heritage projects to spread Mazu culture in various forms.

　　(5) Building an ecological coastal zone

　　The coastal zone is a special area where land and sea are highly related, interactive and integrated, sharing weal and woe, with abundant natural resources, unique environmental conditions and frequent human activities. China’s coastal zone, as the intersection of coastal areas and oceans, is the key zone to build a national ecological security barrier, support coastal economic and social development, bear the linkage between land and sea, promote high-level development and opening up, and promote high-quality development. In 2021, China proposed to build an eco-coastal zone, adhere to the overall planning of land and sea, build an eco-coastal zone evaluation technology and method system with the comprehensive evaluation of marine ecological conditions as the starting point, set nine evaluation indicators in four aspects: ecosystem stability, environmental quality, sustainable utilization of resources and human safety and health, scientifically identify ecological problems in the coastal zone, and build a healthy, clean, safe and diverse coastal zone through measures such as ecological protection and restoration, building a coastal greenway network and upgrading ecological seawalls.

　　Five, strengthen the supervision and management of marine ecological environment

　　Coordinate resources in all fields, gather all forces, adhere to the red line of ecological protection, the bottom line of environmental quality and the online utilization of resources, lay a good combination of zoning management, monitoring and investigation, supervision and law enforcement, and assessment inspectors, improve the informationization, digitalization and intelligence of marine ecological environment supervision and management, and ensure the smooth progress of marine ecological environment management and marine ecological protection and restoration.

　　(a) the implementation of space use control and environmental zoning control.

　　We will fully implement the strategy of the main functional areas, implement use control according to the national spatial planning, strengthen the zoning control of the ecological environment in coastal waters, and draw a border for the development of "clear bottom line".

　　Implement control over the use of marine space. In 1990s, China promulgated and implemented the national marine functional zoning according to the location, resources and environmental conditions of the sea area, and defined the leading functions of the functional zones and the requirements for marine environmental protection. In 2015, the National Plan for Major Marine Functional Zones was issued, which divided the marine space into four categories: optimized development, key development, restricted development and prohibited development, and made basic constraints on the development and protection orientation of each marine area. Since 2019, marine functional zoning and marine main functional area planning will be integrated into the national spatial planning to achieve "multi-regulation integration". In October 2022, the Outline of National Land Spatial Planning (2021-2035) was issued and implemented. In the implementation and management of land spatial planning, coastal provinces implemented the requirements of the Outline, made detailed arrangements for marine land space, scientifically divided ecological protection areas, ecological control areas and marine development areas, made clear the functional uses, sea use methods and ecological protection and restoration requirements of each functional area, and gradually established "sea areas and islands"

　　Implement zoning control of ecological environment in coastal waters. Linking up the national economic and social development planning and the national land space planning, aiming at ensuring the ecological function and improving the environmental quality of the coastal waters, focusing on implementing the red line of ecological protection, the bottom line of environmental quality and the hard constraint of resource utilization, taking the coastal waters environmental control unit as the basis and taking the ecological environment access list as the means to promote the accurate control of the coastal waters ecological environment in different regions. Since 2017, coastal areas have gradually carried out the exploration and practice of ecological environment management and control in coastal waters, and delineated 3036 environmental management and control units in coastal waters to promote the combination of industrial development and environmental carrying capacity. Xiamen City pioneered the application system of ecological environment zoning management and control in China, which effectively solved the difficulties and pains such as difficult site selection for enterprises, long time limit for examination and approval, and slow landing of projects. It divided 42 coastal waters into environmental management and control units, improved the overall management level of land and sea, and promoted the transformation and upgrading of coastal industries. In 2024, the Opinions on Strengthening the Zoning Control of Ecological Environment was issued, which called for strengthening the zoning control of ecological environment in coastal waters, and proposed to form a set of global coverage, accurate and scientific zoning control system for marine ecological environment, and systematically deploy the zoning control of ecological environment to provide important follow-up for scientific guidance of various development, protection and construction activities in coastal waters.

　　(two) to carry out monitoring and investigation.

　　Marine ecological environment monitoring and investigation is the basis of marine ecological environment protection. China has gradually improved the ecological environment monitoring network integrating the sky, the earth and the sea, strengthened the monitoring, evaluation and early warning of marine ecological quality, and found out the base number, so as to provide decision-making basis for the supervision and management of marine ecological environment.

　　Comprehensively carry out marine ecological environment monitoring. Continuously optimize and improve the layout of marine ecological environment monitoring network, focus on coastal waters, cover jurisdictional waters, and build a modern marine ecological environment monitoring system with land and sea as a whole and river and sea as a whole. Integrate national and local resources, build a national marine ecological environment monitoring base, and build a national ecological quality comprehensive monitoring station. Based on 1359 state-controlled monitoring sites of seawater quality, it covers 15 monitoring tasks in four categories: marine environmental quality monitoring, marine ecological monitoring, special monitoring and marine supervision and monitoring, and continuously enhances the monitoring capabilities of emerging hot spots such as marine garbage, marine microplastics, marine radioactivity, new marine pollutants and marine carbon sources and sinks, strengthens the monitoring of the health status of typical ecosystems such as mangroves, gradually establishes a unified platform for the transmission and sharing of marine ecological environment monitoring data, and regularly publishes the monitoring data of seawater quality.

　　Coordinate the promotion of marine ecological early warning and monitoring. With the goal of "being clear about the distribution pattern of marine ecosystems, the current situation and evolution trend of typical ecosystems, and the major ecological problems and risks", we will build an operational ecological early warning and monitoring system focusing on coastal waters, covering China’s jurisdictional waters, radiating polar regions and deep-sea key areas. In the coastal waters, focus on the typical ecosystem distribution areas such as important estuaries, bays, coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds and salt marshes, and carry out investigation and monitoring in areas with high risk of ecological disasters; In the sea areas under jurisdiction, analyze and evaluate ecological problems such as sea level change, seawater acidification and hypoxia, realize full coverage monitoring of major marine ecosystem types, and expand ecological monitoring in polar regions and deep seas. During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, there were more than 1,600 monitoring stations for coastal ecological trends, and the national ecological status survey of coral reefs, coastal salt marshes and seagrass beds and the general survey of estuaries and seaweed farms were completed. Compile and issue the Bulletin on Marine Ecological Early Warning and Monitoring in China. Explore the establishment of typical marine ecosystem early warning methods, and basically realize the operational operation of coral reef bleaching early warning.

　　Conduct a baseline survey of marine pollution. In order to systematically grasp the basic situation of marine ecological environment, China has carried out three baseline surveys of marine pollution in 1976, 1996 and 2023 to find out the basic situation of marine ecological environment in each period. The third baseline survey of marine pollution covers four aspects: the survey of marine environmental pollutants, the survey of pollution sources entering the sea, the survey of coastal environmental pressure and ecological impact, and the detailed survey of the bay. The basic data of marine ecological environment are obtained, which provides decision support for scientifically evaluating the marine ecological environment in China and formulating and implementing the strategic policy of marine ecological environment protection in China.

　　(3) Strict supervision and law enforcement

　　Adhere to the coordination of supervision and law enforcement, departmental cooperation, and linkage between the central and local governments, build a three-dimensional and full-coverage marine supervision and law enforcement network, and severely investigate and deal with illegal activities of using sea islands and destroying the marine ecological environment.

　　Comprehensive maritime supervision continued to be optimized. We will continue to improve the comprehensive supervision ability of coastal islands in the sea area, speed up the construction of a supervision system in the whole chain and all fields before and after the event, and give play to the role of comprehensive supervision in maintaining the order of sea islands, strictly observing the bottom line of resource safety, urging ecological sea islands, and supporting high-quality development. At present, China has built and operated various systems, such as sea island supervision system, marine ecological restoration supervision system, and "one map" information system for land and space planning, and adopted the complementary mode of satellite remote sensing, sea and shore-based to grasp the use of sea areas, the changes of sea island space resources and the ecological environment. Comprehensive use of remote sensing monitoring, maritime and shoreline inspections and other means, the implementation of high-frequency supervision of sea areas, islands and coastlines, focusing on sea activities such as reclamation, ecological restoration projects, drilling platforms, submarine optical cables, cross-sea bridges, and important areas such as sea sand resource-rich areas, marine oil and gas exploration and development zones, marine dumping areas, aquaculture and fishery areas, to curb illegal activities in the field of marine ecological environment in the bud, and continuously improve the effectiveness of maritime supervision and law enforcement.

　　Comprehensive enforcement of marine environmental protection continued to strengthen. In recent years, comprehensive law enforcement has been carried out in the waters under the jurisdiction of China. Conduct regular law enforcement inspections on marine engineering projects, marine nature reserves, fisheries, maritime transportation, etc. Implement the special law enforcement of "Haidun" to strengthen the coastline protection and control of reclamation, carry out the supervision of "Green Shield" nature reserve, carry out the special law enforcement of "Bihai" to severely crack down on illegal acts that damage the marine ecological environment, and carry out the special law enforcement of "Lan Jian" and "China Fishery Administration Bright Sword" to strengthen the protection of fishery resources, which has formed a strong shock to the illegal acts related to the marine ecological environment. From 2020 to 2022, more than 19,000 inspections were conducted on marine projects, oil platforms, islands and dumping areas, and more than 360 cases of illegal reclamation, illegal dumping and destruction of islands were investigated, and illegal and criminal activities in key areas of marine ecological environmental protection were severely cracked down.

　　(D) to strengthen the assessment of inspectors

　　Implementing the target responsibility system and evaluation system for marine environmental protection, and carrying out the central ecological environmental protection inspector and the national natural resources inspector are important measures to solve the outstanding problems of marine ecological environment, compact local responsibilities and encourage cadres to take responsibility.

　　Implement the target responsibility system and evaluation system for marine environmental protection. In 2014, the Environmental Protection Law was revised, and the environmental protection target responsibility system and evaluation system were implemented. In 2015, the water pollution prevention and control action plan included the core task indicators such as the proportion of excellent water quality in coastal waters into the target responsibility assessment system of coastal local governments. In 2020, the water quality of coastal waters will be included in the effectiveness evaluation system of pollution prevention and control, and the water quality requirements of coastal waters will be improved year by year. In 2023, in the revised Marine Environmental Protection Law, it was made clear that the local people’s governments at or above the county level in the coastal areas were responsible for the marine environmental quality of the sea areas under their management. As an important basis for leading bodies and leading cadres at all levels to reward and punish, promote and use, the assessment results have an important guiding role in compacting the responsibilities of coastal local governments and encouraging cadres to take responsibility. Zhejiang has established a comprehensive evaluation system for marine ecology, and the evaluation results have been incorporated into the evaluation systems for the construction of "Five Rivers Governing Together" and "Beautiful Zhejiang", effectively stimulating the entrepreneurial enthusiasm of leading cadres and officials.

　　Implement inspections of eco-environmental protection inspectors. Since 2015, three rounds of central eco-environmental protection inspectors have been carried out, covering 31 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, relevant departments in the State Council and relevant central enterprises. Taking the ocean as an important field of supervision, we have discovered and disclosed a number of outstanding problems in the field of marine ecological environment, such as illegal offshore aquaculture, mangrove destruction, illegal coastal reclamation, and water pollution in coastal waters, all of which have been fed back to the provincial party committees and governments, with a clear attitude and resolute measures to promote the establishment of a normalization implementation mechanism in local areas, and achieved remarkable results in the central government’s affirmation, people’s praise, support from all sides, and problem solving. Carry out provincial-level eco-environmental protection inspectors, pay close attention to outstanding problems in the field of marine eco-environment, continue to carry out routine inspections, and continuously deepen special inspections. Establish a system of regular inspections, regular inspections and dynamic inspections, comprehensively strengthen supervision and inspection of key projects, hot spots and key links, and focus on rectifying outstanding problems such as marine pollution damage and ecological damage.

　　Focus on marine ecological protection and implement national natural resources supervision. The Outline of the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China clearly puts forward that "the marine supervision system should be implemented and normalized marine supervision should be carried out". In 2017, marine supervision was carried out for the first time in 11 coastal provincial governments, focusing on the local people’s governments’ implementation of the major decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council’s marine resources and environment, relevant laws and regulations, and national marine resources and environment plans, plans, and important policies and measures. The problems found were handed over to the provincial people’s governments, which effectively supervised the local people’s governments to scientifically allocate sea island resources according to law and implement the main responsibilities of marine environmental protection. In recent years, the State Natural Resources Inspector has carried out marine inspections for coastal local people’s governments every year, focusing on urging the implementation of strict control over reclamation and strengthening the responsibility of coastal wetland protection, focusing on the main responsibility of provincial governments, focusing on adding illegal reclamation, encroaching on the red line of ecological protection, approving the use of the sea in violation of laws and regulations, destroying mangroves, uninhabited islands and natural coastlines and other outstanding problems that affect marine ecology. In view of the problems found, we will send inspectors’ opinions to the relevant provincial people’s governments, interview the main responsible persons of local governments with outstanding violations of laws and regulations, inform the inspectors of the major outstanding problems found, and continue to track and urge local governments to implement the main responsibility of marine ecological protection.

　　Sixth, improve the level of marine green and low-carbon development

　　China always cares about the ocean, understands the ocean and manages the ocean. On the premise of keeping the ecological security boundary firmly, it comprehensively improves the utilization efficiency of marine resources, promotes the green development of marine economy, constantly meets the people’s multi-level diversified needs for the ocean, and constantly shapes new kinetic energy and new advantages for high-quality development through high-level ecological environmental protection.

　　(1) Promoting the efficient utilization of marine resources.

　　The ocean is a treasure house of resources for our survival and development, and it is also an important carrier for building a maritime power. China continues to promote the economical and intensive utilization of marine resources, strengthen the supply of marine resource elements as a whole, maintain the natural reproduction capacity of the ocean, and seek and realize the benign interaction between high-level resource security and high-quality development in multiple goals.

　　Promote the economical and intensive use of sea resources. In recent years, China has actively planned, explored and classified the intensive use of the sea. In terms of finding out the property of marine resources, we will carry out a pilot inventory of marine resources assets to provide basic support for the optimal allocation and intensive and efficient utilization of marine resources. In terms of benchmarking, China released the first batch of 18 demonstration counties (cities) of marine resources conservation and intensive, transforming the utilization mode and technology with demonstration and leading function into replicable and scalable institutional experience, and encouraging various resource elements to better serve high-quality development. In terms of spatial resources of sea areas, we should explore and promote the three-dimensional layered right-setting of sea areas, promote the transformation of sea area management mode from "plane" to "three-dimensional", introduce measures to ensure the use of sea elements, and properly handle the problems left over from the history of reclamation. In terms of industrial sea use, optimize the management of aquaculture sea, scientifically determine the scale layout of aquaculture sea, introduce the management policy of photovoltaic project sea, and encourage composite utilization and three-dimensional development.

　　Strengthen the sustainable utilization of fishery resources. Correctly handle the relationship between conservation and development and utilization of fishery resources, and carry out reasonable conservation and long-term sustainable utilization on the basis of scientific evaluation. Since 1995, the system of closed fishing in summer has been implemented, the closed fishing period and scope have been continuously extended, the intensity of marine fishing has been controlled, fishery resources have been protected and restored, and the sustainable and healthy development of marine fisheries has been promoted. Since 2003, the total management system of marine fishery resources, the fishing license system and the "double control" system of the number and power of marine fishing boats have been implemented successively, and the management of fishing quotas by species and regions has been explored.

　　(B) thick planting green background of marine economy

　　Actively implement the goal of "double carbon", integrate the concept of green and low carbon into the development mode of marine economy, sustainably develop marine fishery, develop port shipping and shipbuilding in a green way, scientifically develop and utilize marine clean energy, and achieve positive results in the green transformation of marine industry.

　　Build a modern marine pasture. As an important means to conserve aquatic biological resources and restore marine ecological environment, marine pasture has played an important role in promoting the sustainable development of marine fisheries. By 2023, 169 national marine pasture demonstration zones have been established, with an annual ecological benefit of nearly 178.1 billion yuan. The conservation of marine fishery resources has achieved remarkable results. In 2019, the occurrence of resources such as Pseudosciaena crocea, Pseudosciaena crocea, hairtail and cuttlefish along the coast of Zhejiang increased by more than four times compared with the end of 1990s, and the resource density of Pseudosciaena crocea increased by 34.1%. Marine aquaculture has gradually expanded from offshore to deep sea, and the self-developed fully submersible deep-sea intelligent fishery aquaculture equipment has been put into operation, creating a unique green aquaculture model of deep sea in China.

　　Green and intelligent port shipping and shipbuilding. Build smart ports and green ports, and strengthen the utilization of clean energy in coastal ports. Qingdao Port has built a modern energy system with integrated wind, light, hydrogen storage and multi-energy. The clean energy in the port accounts for 66%, and the intelligent air track collection and distribution system has reduced energy consumption by more than 50%. Tianjin Port promotes the construction of "Smart Zero Carbon" terminal, which helps the port to "carbon neutral" production consumption and reduce energy consumption. Promote the construction of three green shipping corridors: Shanghai Port-Los Angeles/Long Beach Port, Guangzhou Port-Los Angeles Port and Tianjin Port-Singapore Port, and accelerate the decarbonization of the shipping industry. Green ships and new energy ships have developed rapidly. The first methanol dual-fuel green ship can reduce carbon emissions by 75%, nitrogen emissions by 15% and sulfur and particulate emissions by 99%. The annual emission reduction of 700TEU (standard container) pure electric container ship is equivalent to planting 160,000 trees, which has an outstanding effect on carbon reduction and emission reduction.

　　Marine clean energy is booming. The utilization capacity of marine clean energy has been continuously improved, and the scale and proportion of clean energy have been expanded. By the end of 2023, the cumulative installed capacity of offshore wind power in China has reached 37.69 million kilowatts, accounting for about 50% of the global total, ranking first in the world for four consecutive years. With the rapid development of marine renewable energy, the megawatt tidal current generator "Endeavour" continuously delivers green energy to the State Grid. The first deep-sea megawatt wave power generation platform "Nankun" independently developed by China provides clean power supply for the remote island reef, and the deep-sea aquaculture platform "Penghu" realizes clean energy self-sufficiency by carrying wave energy, solar power generation equipment and energy storage devices.

　　(C) Explore the realization of the value of ecological products

　　Blue sea and silver beach are green mountains and green hills, and Jinshan Yinshan. China continuously explores the innovation of marine carbon sinks, actively promotes the management and development of marine eco-products, and explores the establishment of a value realization mechanism for eco-products.

　　Plan to establish an offshore ecological protection compensation system. Compensation for marine ecological protection is an important means to guide marine ecological beneficiaries to fulfill their compensation obligations, encourage marine ecological protectors to protect the ecological environment, build a benign interactive relationship between marine ecological protectors and beneficiaries, and promote the sustainable development of marine economy. In 2021, the Opinions on Deepening the Reform of Ecological Protection Compensation System was issued, requiring the establishment of offshore protection compensation system. Hainan, Hebei, Guangxi, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, Xiamen, Fujian and other places have introduced marine ecological compensation policies adapted to the actual conditions in the region, carried out compensation practice, and the compensation and incentive effects in various places have gradually manifested.

　　Constantly explore institutional innovations related to marine carbon sinks. Marine carbon sinks are an important part of China’s strategic goal of "peak carbon dioxide emissions, carbon neutrality". China has formulated an action plan for marine carbon sinks, issued a series of technical standards for blue carbon investigation and monitoring, carried out the pilot work of carbon storage investigation and carbon sink measurement monitoring of blue carbon ecosystems such as mangroves, coastal salt marshes and seagrass beds, and implemented the monitoring of air-sea carbon dioxide flux and the monitoring of greenhouse gas emission reduction on offshore oil and gas platforms. The Measures for the Administration of Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Trading (for Trial Implementation) was issued, and the methodology of voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction projects in mangrove forests was released, so as to support marine carbon sink projects to participate in the national voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction trading market. Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan and other places are actively exploring innovative models such as carbon inclusive trading, carbon sink insurance and carbon sink mortgage.

　　Actively promote the management and development of marine ecological products. In 2021, the Opinions on Establishing and Improving the Value Realization Mechanism of Ecological Products was issued and implemented, and the construction of the value realization mechanism of ecological products was systematically deployed. The relevant departments issued and implemented the Accounting Standard for Total Value of Ecological Products (Trial) and Typical Cases of Ecological Product Value Realization, which provided theoretical and technical support for the construction of ecological product value realization mechanism. Coastal areas actively innovate the path mechanism, and Dongtou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province innovates the mode of "superior special award+local government self-financing+social capital participation" to attract social capital to participate in the "Blue Bay" rectification action project and promote the construction of "sea garden". China Ocean Development Foundation established the first special fund for ecological civilization construction with marine economy as the theme in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, supported the construction of marine industrial parks, marine ecological parks and marine engineering centers in the region, and accelerated the promotion of the value of marine ecological products to achieve related technological innovation and industrial development.

　　We will continue to improve compensation for damage to the marine ecological environment. China attaches great importance to the compensation for damage to the marine ecological environment, and in 1999, when the Law on the Protection of the Marine Environment was revised, the national compensation for marine ecological damage was clearly established. China has successively promulgated the Measures for Compensation for National Losses Caused by Marine Ecological Damage and the Provisions on Several Issues Concerning the Trial of Disputes over Compensation for Damage to Marine Natural Resources and Ecological Environment, which has guided the implementation of compensation for damage to marine ecological environment and achieved good results. In 2023, China revised the marine environmental protection law again, and further revised and improved the marine ecological environment damage compensation system.

　　(4) Carry out green and low-carbon national action.

　　Actively carry out various marine culture education and popular science activities, enhance the environmental awareness and ecological awareness of the whole people, advocate a simple, moderate, green, low-carbon, civilized and healthy lifestyle, turn the green concept into the conscious action of all people, and attract all sectors of society to love and protect the sea and love the sea.

　　The awareness of marine ecological environmental protection is deeply rooted in people’s hearts. Theme activities have been held on World Ocean Day, National Ocean Publicity Day, World Earth Day, World Environment Day and World Wetland Day for many years, and more than 160 "National Marine Awareness Education Bases" have been built nationwide to jointly protect the blue homeland. Zhoushan Islands-China Ocean Culture Festival, China (Xiangshan) Fishing Festival and other well-known exhibition forums such as China Ocean Economic Expo and Xiamen International Ocean Week have become important platforms to show China’s marine culture. The National Maritime Museum, the Forbidden City on the Ocean, has become an important classroom for people to understand marine civilization, marine resources and reshape marine values. The 14th National Marine Knowledge Competition has been held continuously, attracting more than 1,000 college students and 6 million people to participate in it every year. The people’s self-awareness of caring about and understanding the ocean has been significantly improved, and their sense of mission, responsibility and pride in running the ocean has been continuously enhanced.

　　The whole people participate in marine ecological environment protection actions. The protection of marine ecological environment gives full play to the people’s strength, and the whole society takes active actions to strive to be an active disseminator and model practitioner of the concept of ecological civilization. In 2019, China put forward the concept of "blue citizen", and carried out various projects and activities for many years, advocating community residents to take action for a beautiful and clean ocean and supporting the growth of blue citizens. Since 2017, China has held seven consecutive "National Clean Beach Public Welfare Activities", organized and implemented "Beautiful Ocean Public Welfare Activities", built China’s independent marine public welfare brand, and attracted and strengthened the forces of loving and protecting the sea from all parts of the country and all walks of life. Xiamen, Fujian, selected the "Citizen Lake Chief" of Miandang Lake for the general public to incite social forces to make suggestions and suggestions for marine ecological environment protection. Hainan explores the establishment of a "garbage bank", encourages tourists to participate in beach garbage cleaning, and creates a good atmosphere for all people to participate in marine ecological environmental protection through diversified activities.

　　In-depth practice of green lifestyle. It is everyone’s responsibility to protect the marine ecological environment. Advocate coastal civilized tourism, do not buy rare marine biological products, do not disturb marine life, do not abandon plastic garbage into the sea, and consciously safeguard marine ecological health. More and more people bring their own cups, bags and tableware to reduce the consumption of bottled water, plastic bags and plastic tableware, reduce the amount of marine plastic waste from the source, and practice a green, low-carbon and recycling lifestyle.

　　Seven, all-round international cooperation in marine ecological environment protection.

　　The marine problem is a global problem, and protecting the marine ecological environment is the concern of people all over the world. In 1972, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment adopted the Declaration on the Human Environment, and marine environmental protection was included in the 26 principles, which started the global action of marine environmental protection. In 1982, the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea adopted the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which opened a new chapter in global ocean governance and made comprehensive and systematic provisions on marine environmental protection. The international community has successively adopted a series of marine environmental protection agreements, and constantly promoted the development of global marine protection. Countries all over the world have further reached consensus, gathered together, actively responded to the risk challenges of marine ecological environment, and strived to build a clean and beautiful ocean. China firmly practices the concept of a community of marine destiny, conducts mutually beneficial and win-win cooperation with the international community through multiple channels, forms and in depth, and contributes China wisdom to the global marine ecological environment protection.

　　(1) Actively fulfill the contract and participate in global governance.

　　China adheres to the goal of the well-being of all mankind, gives full play to the role of a big country, earnestly fulfills its responsibilities and obligations under international conventions in the maritime field, and demonstrates the role of a big country through practical actions.

　　Earnestly fulfill the responsibilities and obligations of international conventions in the marine field. Marine eco-environmental issues involve a wide range of fields. China supports the promotion of global marine eco-environmental protection from a holistic perspective and actively promotes the implementation of international treaties related to the sea, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. In May 1996, China approved its accession to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which opened a new chapter in China’s participation in global ocean governance. In addition, it has joined more than 30 multilateral treaties related to the sea, such as the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Substances and the Antarctic Treaty, and demonstrated China’s determination and responsibility in marine protection in a broader and more detailed field. Under the framework of international conventions, China has established a policy system around marine ecological environment protection, resource conservation, polar activity management, etc., actively implemented autonomous fishing closures on the high seas, actively fulfilled environmental protection obligations such as environmental impact assessment of Antarctic exploration activities, participated in the regular assessment of the global marine environment of the United Nations, and regularly published performance reports such as progress reports on the implementation of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, national reports on the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and national communications on climate change. To present the progress of China’s marine ecological environment protection and resource protection to the international community, and to demonstrate the tangible contribution of China in fulfilling its obligations under various conventions.

　　Integrate and promote global ocean governance. China actively participates in the construction of global ocean governance mechanism and promotes the construction of a more just and reasonable global ocean governance system. Actively participate in multilateral governance, actively participate in the affairs of international organizations such as the United Nations Environment Programme, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, the International Seabed Authority, and the International Maritime Organization, and play an active role in the agendas of the Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. Since 2012, more than 120 proposals have been submitted to relevant polar international organizations individually or jointly, and more than 700 proposals have been submitted to international organizations such as the International Maritime Organization, and they have participated extensively in environmental protection and resources. We have pushed forward multilateral processes such as the formulation of exploration and development regulations of the International Seabed Authority, the negotiation of agreements and regulations on fisheries by the FAO, and the negotiation of the United Nations international convention on the prevention and control of plastic pollution, and deeply participated in the negotiation and implementation of the Agreement on the Prevention of Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean, so that the Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, which lasted for nearly 20 years, was reached and signed at the first time, making outstanding contributions to global ocean governance.

　　(2) Expanding the "circle of friends" of maritime cooperation.

　　There is a long way to go to deal with the global marine ecological environment problems, which requires extensive global participation and joint action. China adheres to multilateralism, develops blue partnership with an open and pragmatic attitude, and works with the international community to build a sea of prosperity and beauty shared by all countries.

　　Establish a broad blue partnership. On the basis of voluntariness and cooperation, China and other countries discuss and build a global blue partnership. In 2017, China launched the "Building Blue Partnership" initiative at the first UN conference on sustainable marine development to promote international cooperation of "cherishing shared oceans and protecting blue homeland", and then China issued the "Vision for Building Maritime Cooperation along the Belt and Road" to formally propose the construction of blue partnership. In September 2021, "actively promoting the establishment of blue partnership" was identified by the High-level Dialogue on Global Development as one of the concrete measures taken by China under the framework of global development initiatives. At the United Nations Ocean Congress in 2022, China issued the Blue Partnership Principles, and launched the Sustainable Blue Partnership Cooperation Network and the Blue Partnership Fund to jointly carry out actions for the protection and sustainable utilization of oceans and marine resources. At present, it has signed intergovernmental and inter-departmental cooperation agreements in the marine field with more than 50 countries and international organizations that have jointly established the "Belt and Road", which has played an important role in jointly promoting the global marine ecological environment protection.

　　Expand the platform and mechanism of marine cooperation. China regards the protection of marine ecological environment as the key cooperation content, and takes the initiative to build a new platform and mechanism for global marine cooperation, so as to unite the consensus of all parties. Based on the platform construction, China led the cooperation, led the establishment and operation of the East Asian Ocean Cooperation Platform and the China-ASEAN Ocean Cooperation Center, and carried out pragmatic cooperation with East Asian and ASEAN countries around marine scientific research, ecological environment protection, disaster prevention and mitigation, etc. Build international cooperation mechanisms of international organizations in China, including APEC Marine Sustainable Development Center, Ocean and Climate Cooperation Center for Ocean Decade, etc., coordinate innovation and cooperation in the global ocean and climate field, promote the sharing and exchange of beneficial experiences of marine ecological environment protection in various countries, and play an important role in jointly protecting marine ecological environment.

　　Advocate and lead bilateral and multilateral cooperation. China adheres to the principle of cooperation, co-construction and sharing, and constantly expands the field of foreign cooperation. China attaches great importance to dialogue and exchanges on multilateral platforms, and has successfully held a series of activities such as the "Belt and Road" international cooperation summit forum, the Marine Cooperation Forum, the Global Binhai Forum, the Guiyang International Forum on Ecological Civilization, and the China-ASEAN Environmental Cooperation Forum to promote new progress in cooperation in a series of fields such as marine ecological protection and restoration, marine disaster monitoring and early warning, and marine plastic pollution prevention and control. China attaches great importance to mutually beneficial and win-win cooperation among countries, establishes long-term bilateral maritime cooperation mechanisms with many countries, and continuously carries out cooperation and exchanges in various fields. China actively provides technical capacity support for developing countries, and has built platforms such as joint marine research centers, joint laboratories and joint observation stations with Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nigeria, Mozambique and Jamaica, which have played a positive role in strengthening marine ecological environment protection for developing countries. Cooperate with other countries to carry out projects such as marine endangered species research, joint investigation of the Yellow Sea environment, coral reef monitoring and data collection, marine garbage and pollution prevention in microplastics, and the cooperation results will inject more vitality into regional marine ecological environment protection.

　　(3) Expand cooperation in deep-sea polar scientific research

　　Protecting the deep-sea polar ecological environment is the common responsibility of mankind. As an important participant, powerful promoter and active practitioner of deep-sea polar affairs, China actively leads international deep-sea polar exploration and research, and works with the international community to promote the sustainable development of deep-sea polar regions.

　　Cooperate to promote deep-sea research and exploration. Actively participate in international seabed affairs, scientifically coordinate deep-sea surveys, and strengthen deep-sea ecological environment protection. China has carried out more than 80 scientific surveys in the deep-sea field, and carried out joint scientific research with Russia, Japan, Nigeria, Seychelles, Indonesia and other countries, making unremitting efforts for countries to deepen their understanding of the deep-sea ecosystem. Based on the results of earth science investigation, proposals for seabed nomenclature have been submitted to the International Sub-committee on the Nomenclature of Seabed Geographical Entities for more than 10 consecutive years since 2011, of which 261 have been deliberated, contributing to a clearer understanding of the deep-sea geographical environment for mankind. Based on the investigation results of deep-sea biological resources, China has established a world-leading marine microbial resource bank in terms of quantity and species, which helps people to deepen their understanding of the life process of deep-sea organisms.

　　Deepen polar cognition together. China insists on protecting the natural environment of the North and South Poles in accordance with international law, and actively participates in international cooperation to meet the challenges of environmental and climate change in the North and South Poles. At the 40th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, China led more than 10 countries to jointly put forward a "green expedition" initiative, which was adopted by the General Assembly in the form of a resolution, opening a new chapter in Antarctic expedition. Five Antarctic research stations have been built, and two Arctic research stations have been established in Norway and Iceland, providing an important platform for thousands of scientists to carry out polar observation, biological monitoring and glacier research. Organized 13 expeditions to the Arctic Ocean and 40 expeditions to the Antarctic, signed memorandums of understanding or joint statements with the United States, Russia, Australia, Iceland, New Zealand and other countries, carried out international cooperation with more than 10 countries, participated in the largest Arctic scientific research program "Arctic Climate Research Multidisciplinary Drifting Ice Station Program" as the main participant, took the lead in implementing the international cooperation of "International Arctic Ocean Ridge Joint Exploration Program" and cooperated with many countries to implement the Antarctic ice sheet "Ring" of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research.

　　(D) extensive training in foreign aid.

　　Facing the global challenge of the deterioration of marine ecological environment, all countries are a community of destiny in the same boat. China cooperates with the international community in solidarity, benefiting more other countries and people while realizing its own development, and contributing to the global marine ecological environment protection.

　　Carry out extensive foreign aid. China has done its best to provide support and help to developing countries in dealing with marine ecological environment problems in various ways. In 2012, China launched the "China Government Ocean Scholarship" project, which trained more than 300 masters and doctors in marine-related disciplines for 45 countries, including countries that jointly built the Belt and Road Initiative, and trained young marine science talents and management talents for developing countries. Provide technical assistance in marine spatial planning, marine economic planning and sea level rise assessment to Thailand, Cambodia, Cape Verde and other countries. Hold a seminar on marine dumping management technology of the London Convention and its 1996 Protocol, and spread the concept and technology of marine ecological environment protection to African and Latin American countries.

　　Actively carry out foreign training. China has built a number of centers, such as China-International Seabed Authority Joint Training and Research Center, International Ocean Academy-China Western Pacific Regional Center, IOC Ocean Dynamics and Climate Training and Research Regional Center, and Tianjin Regional Training Center of Global Ocean Teachers College, to build a platform for marine education, training and public marine awareness training in developing countries. Training courses with different characteristics will be held to actively share knowledge and practical experience in comprehensive coastal zone management, marine governance and marine ecological environment protection, and about 500 people will be trained every year, making positive contributions to improving the technical ability of marine ecological environment protection of scientific researchers in developing countries.

　　Concluding remarks

　　The ocean is the blue home for human survival. Facing the global challenge of marine environmental problems, all mankind is a community of destiny that shares weal and woe. It is the common responsibility of all mankind to protect the marine ecological environment and promote the sustainable development of the ocean.

　　At present, China has embarked on a new journey of comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese modernization, and the marine industry has ushered in a period of great historical opportunities. Protecting the marine ecological environment is the fundamental requirement and basic guarantee for accelerating the construction of a maritime power and realizing the harmonious coexistence of human and sea.

　　On the new journey, China adheres to the new development concept, promotes the construction of ecological civilization, and continues to build a harmonious marine ecological environment. China adheres to the spirit of caring for the world, cooperation and win-win, and practices the concept of a community of marine destiny with practical actions. It is willing to work with other countries in the world to build the foundation of marine ecological civilization and take the road of marine green development, so that the ocean will always become a beautiful home for human beings to inhabit and develop, and jointly build a cleaner and more beautiful world.

　　(1) section refers to the whole section perpendicular to the direction of water flow set on rivers or channels for measuring and collecting water quality samples. The national control section refers to the national surface water environmental quality evaluation, assessment and ranking monitoring section (point) laid out in China.

　　Zhongxin Jingwei Client September 5 (Zhang Yunan) The livelihood topic of providing for the aged has always been the focus of people’s attention. According to the incomplete statistics of Sino-Singapore Jingwei client, as of September 4, except Heilongjiang, 30 provinces have successively announced the basic pension adjustment plan for retirees in 2019, mainly including quota adjustment, hook adjustment and appropriate tilt.

　　Raise the basic pension for retirees by about 5%

Photo by Xin Jingwei Xiong Jiali in the data map

　　In March this year, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued a notice, and in 2019, we will continue to uniformly adjust the basic pension for retirees of enterprises, institutions and institutions, with an overall increase of about 5%. This adjustment is the 15th consecutive year since 2005 that China has adjusted the basic pension for enterprise retirees, and it is estimated that 118 million retirees will benefit.

　　This year’s pension adjustment will continue to adhere to the principle of "merging", and enterprises, institutions and institutions will uniformly implement the adjustment method of "combining quota adjustment, linked adjustment and appropriate tilt".

　　According to the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, quota adjustment should reflect the principle of fairness; Hook adjustment should reflect the incentive mechanism of "long payment and more gains" and "more payment and more gains"; For senior retirees and retirees in hard and remote areas, the adjustment level can be appropriately improved. At the same time, continue to ensure that the basic pension for retired military cadres in enterprises is not lower than the average level of retirees in local enterprises.

　　The range of people who can participate in this pension adjustment is retirees from enterprises, institutions and institutions who have gone through retirement procedures according to regulations and received basic pensions on a monthly basis before December 31, 2018. However, Guangdong’s pension adjustment targets also include retirees who receive basic pensions for the first time on a monthly basis from January to June 2019, and the scope of adjustment has been expanded.

　　These people can get more money.

　　The Sino-Singapore Jingwei client combed and found that at present, 30 provinces have released the basic pension adjustment plan for retirees in 2019, and only Heilongjiang has not yet announced it.

　　In terms of quota adjustment, according to the known data, all kinds of retirees in the same area have uniformly increased the same amount of pensions, but the adjustment situation in different provinces is different, mostly concentrated in the range of 40-60 yuan per person per month, and Tibet has increased the amount by more, with an increase of 80 yuan per person per month; Liaoning increases 70 yuan every month; Guangdong, Shanghai per capita monthly quota plus 60 yuan.

　　In terms of adjustment, it is also linked to factors such as retirees’ payment years (or working years) and basic pension level. For example, Beijing has made it clear that for retirees who have paid for 10 years or more, the 3 yuan will be increased every month for every one year. The monthly pension is less than 3,959 yuan, and the 65 yuan is increased per person per month; The monthly pension is 3,959 yuan and above, and less than 5,459 yuan, and the 55 yuan is increased per person per month; The monthly pension of 5459 yuan and above will increase 45 yuan per person per month.

　　Guizhou is clear that the payment period (including the deemed payment period, excluding the converted length of service) will increase the 2.3 yuan every one year; Then increase by 0.5% of my basic pension in December 2018.

　　In addition, as far as the adjustment plan for 2019 is concerned, some provinces have expanded the scope of pension tilt adjustment personnel, including enterprise retirees, retirees from hard and remote areas, and retirees from industrial accidents.

　　For example, Hubei stipulates that those who participated in the revolutionary work before the founding of the People’s Republic of China enjoy the supply system, and each person will increase the 30 yuan every month; Before the founding of the People’s Republic of China, those who participated in revolutionary work and enjoyed the salary system will receive an increase of 25 yuan per person per month; In accordance with the provisions of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs issued document No.9 (2002), the original industrial and commercial persons will receive an increase of 10 yuan per person per month; On December 31, 2018, if you are over 70 years old and under 80 years old, each person will increase the 40 yuan monthly; The adjustment targets in hard and remote areas within the scope prescribed by the state will increase 15 yuan per person per month; After the enterprise retired demobilized cadres are adjusted according to the above methods, if their basic pension has not reached the average level of the basic pension in the city (state), it will be filled to the average level.

　　Jilin stipulates that as of December 31, 2018, the 40 yuan will be increased every month when the person reaches the age of 70-74; 50 yuan will be increased every month for those aged 75-79; 60 yuan will be increased every month for those aged 80 and above. Retirees from institutions and enterprises in counties (cities, districts) in hard and remote areas will receive an increase of 5 yuan per person per month. If the amount of work-related injury retirees linked to their payment period is less than 67.5 yuan, it will be implemented at 67.5 yuan.

　　How much can an individual go up?

　　Take the Beijing plan as an example: Lao Zhang, an enterprise retiree, is 80 years old this year, with a payment period of 40 years and a basic pension of 5,100 yuan/month.

　　This time, the amount he can increase his pension is: a fixed increase in 50 yuan; The adjustment of payment period can increase 120 yuan; 55 yuan can be increased by linking with my pension level. In addition, you can also enjoy the increase of 75 yuan for senior retirees. In total, Lao Zhang will increase 300 yuan every month, and the adjusted basic pension will be 5,400 yuan/month.

　　Take the Chongqing plan as an example: Lao Liu retired in the hard and remote areas of Chongqing in 2011, and the payment period was 35 years.

　　The amount he can increase his pension this time is: quota adjustment can increase 45 yuan every month; Lao Liu’s payment period is 35 years, which can be increased by 105 yuan per month according to 3 yuan/year; It is also in line with the regulation in the tilt adjustment that "retirees in hard and remote areas will increase 20 yuan per person per month", and 20 yuan can be increased per month. After this pension adjustment, Lao Liu can get more 170 yuan every month.

　　It should be mentioned that the pension adjustment schemes in various provinces have been implemented, but the time for payment is not the same. I want to know whether it has been sent to my personal account. Now there is a more convenient way to inquire. The national social insurance public service platform has been put into trial operation recently. At present, it can carry out social security inquiry, treatment qualification certification, pension calculation, social security transfer inquiry, medical treatment in different places, social security card inquiry and so on.

　　Is the pension enough this year?

　　The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security pointed out that the basic pension is determined according to individual cumulative payment years, payment wages, average salary of local employees, personal account amount, average life expectancy of urban population and other factors.

　　Generally speaking, in areas with better economic development and higher average wages of local workers, the average pension level of retirees is higher than that of underdeveloped areas. The longer the accumulated payment period, the higher the payment wage level, the older the age at retirement, and the higher the basic pension level at retirement. If you pay long, pay more and retire late, you will get more pensions.

　　Up to now, the pension adjustment plans of various provinces have been put into practice. What new changes will be welcomed in the future pension? Lu Aihong, spokesperson of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, said that the central adjustment of the basic old-age insurance fund for enterprise employees will be done well, and small and micro private enterprises will be studied and formulated to give priority to industrial injury insurance policies. Actively promote the entrusted investment of the basic old-age insurance fund for urban and rural residents. At the same time, we will further implement the policy of reducing social insurance rates. Ensure that pensions are paid in full and on time.

　　In view of the concerns about whether the basic old-age insurance fund for enterprise employees can develop sustainably and whether retirees can receive social security benefits, You Jun, deputy director of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, made it clear that the basic pension will be paid in full and on time, not only at present, but also in the long run.

China People’s Bank Shanghai Headquarters, branches, business management departments, city center branches of provincial capitals, and Shenzhen center branch; There are commercial banks, joint-stock commercial banks and China Postal Savings Bank in various countries. China UnionPay Co., Ltd.; China Payment and Clearing Association:

In order to improve the marketization mechanism of credit card business, improve the service level of credit card, protect the legitimate rights and interests of cardholders and promote the healthy development of credit card market, relevant matters are hereby notified as follows:

I. Interest rate standard

The credit card overdraft interest rate is subject to upper and lower limit management. The upper limit of overdraft interest rate is five ten thousandths of the daily interest rate, and the lower limit is 0.7 times of the daily interest rate. The method of calculating and settling interest on credit card overdraft, whether to calculate and pay interest on credit card overpayment and its interest rate standard shall be determined by the card issuer independently.

II. Interest-free repayment period and minimum repayment amount

The conditions and standards for cardholders to enjoy interest-free repayment period and minimum repayment amount for overdraft consumption shall be determined by the card issuer independently.

Third, liquidated damages and service charges

Cancel the late payment fee for credit cards. For the cardholder’s default and overdue repayment, the card issuer should agree with the cardholder through agreement whether to collect liquidated damages, as well as the relevant collection methods and standards. Card issuers that provide cardholders with card services that exceed the credit line shall not charge an over-limit fee. The card issuer shall not charge interest on the service fees such as liquidated damages, annual fees, cash withdrawal fees and currency exchange fees charged to the cardholder.

Iv. Cash advance by credit card

Credit card cash advance business includes cash withdrawal, cash transfer and cash recharge. Among them, cash withdrawal means that the cardholder obtains the funds within the credit card advance cash limit in the form of cash through self-service machines such as counters and ATMs; Cash transfer means that the cardholder transfers the funds within the cash limit advanced by the credit card to his bank settlement account; Cash recharge means that the cardholder transfers the funds within the cash limit of the credit card to the payment account opened by himself in a non-bank payment institution.

The cardholder shall handle the cash withdrawal business through ATM and other self-service machines, and the daily accumulative amount of each card shall not exceed RMB 10,000; The daily limit of each card for the cardholder to handle cash withdrawal business through the counter and cash transfer business through various channels shall be agreed by the card issuer and the cardholder through agreement; The card issuer can decide whether to provide cash recharge service and agree with the cardholder on the daily limit of each card. The card issuer shall not transfer the funds within the cash advance limit of the cardholder’s credit card to other credit cards or the bank settlement account or payment account of non-cardholders.

V. Transaction information

Bank card clearing institutions shall, jointly with card issuers and acquirers, further improve the business rules and technical standards of credit card transactions in strict accordance with the relevant regulatory provisions on bank card business. All card issuers and acquirers should truly reflect and accurately identify the business types such as cash withdrawal, cash transfer and cash recharge, and transmit the transaction information completely to ensure the authenticity, integrity, traceability and consistency of the transaction information in the payment process, so as to facilitate the card issuers to identify and judge risks and ensure the security of credit card transactions.

VI. Obligation of information disclosure

(1) Card issuers shall fully disclose the credit card application conditions, product functions, charging items and standards, knowledge of safe card use, credit card standard agreements and articles of association through their websites and other channels, and update them in time.

(2) The card issuer shall indicate in a prominent way in the credit card agreement the credit card interest rate standard, the method of interest calculation and settlement, the conditions and standards of interest-free repayment period and minimum repayment amount, as well as the details and collection standards of the liquidated damages charged to the cardholder, so as to ensure that the cardholder fully knows and confirms the acceptance. Among them, for the credit card interest rate standard, the daily interest rate and annual interest rate should be indicated.

(3) If the card issuer adjusts the credit card interest rate standard, it shall notify the cardholder in the agreed way at least 45 natural days in advance. The cardholder has the right to cancel the account before the new interest rate standard comes into effect, and repay the relevant funds according to the signed agreement.

VII. Handling of Non-authorized Transactions

When the cardholder proposes transactions that are not authorized by himself, such as fake card transactions and account theft, the card issuer shall promptly guide the cardholder to retain evidence, handle error disputes in accordance with relevant rules, and regularly feed back the processing progress to the cardholder. Encourage card issuers to make reasonable compensation for cardholders’ losses in accordance with the law through commercial insurance cooperation and provision of risk compensation funds, and effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of cardholders.

Eight, interest rate information submitted.

Card issuers should report to the People’s Bank 60 days in advance if they adjust the credit card overdraft interest rate, interest-free repayment period and minimum repayment amount. Credit card interest rates are included in the interest rate monitoring and filing system of the People’s Bank of China and reported monthly (see the attachment for details). The data of last month should be submitted before the 9th of each month, and the initial reporting time is before February 9th, 2017, and the relevant credit card interest rate information in January 2017 should be reported. Among them, the national bank submitted to the head office of the People’s Bank of China; Other banking financial institutions shall submit them to the branches of the People’s Bank of China where the legal person is located according to the principle of territorial management.

Nine, self-discipline management of credit card business

Give full play to the role of market interest rate pricing self-discipline mechanism, implement self-discipline management on credit card interest rate determination and interest-bearing rules, and maintain fair market competition order.

China Payment and Clearing Association shall, in accordance with the requirements of the relevant regulatory system for credit card business and the provisions of this circular, establish and improve self-regulatory mechanisms such as credit card issuance process, use management and customer service, and formulate a recommended model of credit card agreement and articles of association to protect the legitimate rights and interests of cardholders and promote the orderly development of the credit card market.

This notice shall be implemented as of January 1, 2017. If the relevant provisions on bank card business previously issued by the People’s Bank of China are inconsistent with this notice, this notice shall prevail.

Branches of the People’s Bank of China are requested to forward this notice to city commercial banks, rural commercial banks, rural cooperative banks, rural credit cooperatives, village banks, foreign banks and non-bank payment institutions within their jurisdiction.

Attachment: 1. Credit card overdraft interest rate classification statistics. doc

　　　 　　2. Credit card overdraft interest rate interval distribution table. doc

People’s Bank of China

April 15, 2016

　　Cctv news(News Network): As of July 8, the college entrance examination in more than half provinces in China has officially come to an end. Today and tomorrow, Zhejiang, Beijing, Shandong, Tianjin and Hainan, which have implemented the new college entrance examination, still have some subjects for examination.

　　Today (July 9th), the college entrance examination of Jiangsu Province, which uses the independent proposition paper, entered the last day. Candidates completed the required and optional exams from physics, history and chemistry, biology, politics and geography respectively.

　　This morning, some minority candidates from Xinjiang, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other places took exams in Tibetan, Uygur, Mongolian, Korean and Yi languages.

　　In addition, due to the flood in Shexian County, Anhui Province, the subjects of the college entrance examination failed to start on schedule on the 7th. With the approval of the Ministry of Education, the examination area completed the examination today with the subtitle of the National Unified Examination of Chinese, Mathematics (Literature and Science) in 2020.

　　According to reports, most provinces that have finished the exam will start the college entrance examination marking work today and tomorrow. Up to now, more than 10 provinces across the country have announced the query time of college entrance examination results, most of which are scheduled for late July.

　　Measures for the administration of crop germplasm resources　

　

　　(Promulgated by DecreeNo. 30th of the Ministry of Agriculture on July 8, 2003, 2004Decree No.3 of the Ministry of Agriculture on July 1, 2000eightnumber、Decree No.1 of 2022 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on January 7, 2022Revised)　

　　　　

　　Chapter I General Principles　

　　　　

　　the first　　In order to strengthen the protection of agricultural germplasm resources and promote the exchange and utilization of agricultural germplasm resources, according to the Seed Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC)(hereinafter referred to as "Seed Law")The provisions of these measures are formulated.　

　　the second　　These Measures shall apply to the collection, collation, identification, registration, preservation, exchange, utilization and management of agricultural germplasm resources in People’s Republic of China (PRC).　

　　Article　　The term "crop germplasm resources" as mentioned in these Measures refers to the basic materials for breeding new crop varieties, including the propagation materials of cultivated crops, wild crops and endangered rare species, and various genetic materials artificially created by using the above propagation materials, including fruits, grains, seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, buds, flowers, tissues, cells, DNA, DNA fragments and genes.　

　　Article 4　　The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs set up the National Committee on Crop Germplasm Resources to study and put forward the development strategy, principles and policies of the national crop germ plasm resources and coordinate the management of the national crop germ plasm resources. The office of the Committee is located in the Planting Management Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and is responsible for the daily work of the Committee.　

　　The competent agricultural and rural departments of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government may, according to needs, determine the corresponding management units of crop germplasm resources.　

　　Article 5　　The work of crop germplasm resources belongs to public welfare undertakings, and the relevant departments of the state and local governments should take measures to ensure the stability and funding sources of the work of crop germplasm resources.　

　　Article 6　　The State shall commend and reward units and individuals that have made outstanding achievements in the collection, arrangement, identification, registration, preservation, exchange, introduction, utilization and management of agricultural germplasm resources.　

　　　　

　　Second, collection of crop germplasm resources in Zhang Nong　

　　　　

　　Article 7　　The state organizes the general survey, key investigation and collection of agricultural germplasm resources in a planned way. If crop germplasm resources may be extinct due to engineering construction and environmental changes, rescue and collection shall be organized in time.　

　　Article 8　　It is forbidden to collect or cut wild species, wild related species, endangered rare species and agricultural germplasm resources in protected areas, protected areas and germplasm gardens listed in the national list of key protected wild plants.　

　　Due to special circumstances such as scientific research, it is necessary to collect or cut wild species, wild related species and endangered rare germplasm resources listed in the national key protected wild plants, and shall go through the examination and approval procedures in accordance with the provisions of the State Council and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on the management of wild plants; If it is necessary to collect or cut germplasm resources in protected areas, protected areas and germplasm gardens, it shall be approved by the competent agricultural and rural departments that established the protected areas, protected areas and germplasm gardens.　

　　Article 9　　The collection quantity of agricultural germplasm resources should be based on the standard of not affecting the genetic integrity and normal growth of the original population.　

　　Article 10　　Without approval, overseas personnel shall not collect crop germplasm resources in China. Chinese and foreign scientists who jointly investigate China’s crop germplasm resources shall be approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs six months in advance.　

　　If the collected crop germplasm resources need to be taken out of the country, the examination and approval procedures for providing crop germplasm resources to the outside world shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of these Measures.　

　　Article 11　　When collecting germplasm resources, an original file shall be established, which shall record the material name, basic characteristics, collection place and time, collection quantity, collectors, etc. in detail.　

　　Article 12　　All the collected crop germplasm resources and their original files shall be sent to the national germplasm bank for registration and preservation.　

　　Article 13　　Units and individuals applying for variety examination and approval shall submit the appropriate amount of breeding materials (including hybrid parent breeding materials) to the national germplasm bank for registration and preservation.　

　　Article 14　　Units and individuals holding germplasm resources that have not been registered and preserved by the state have the obligation to send them to the national germplasm bank for registration and preservation.　

　　The parties concerned may send the germplasm resources to the local agricultural and rural authorities or agricultural research institutions, and the local agricultural and rural authorities or agricultural research institutions shall promptly send the received germplasm resources to the national germplasm bank for registration and preservation.　

　　　　

　　Third, identification, registration and preservation of crop germplasm resources in Zhang Nong.　

　　　　

　　Article 15　　Botanical categories and main agronomic characters should be identified for all collected agricultural germplasm resources.　

　　The identification of crop germplasm resources shall implement the unified national standard system, and the specific standards shall be formulated and promulgated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs according to the recommendations of the National Committee on Crop Germplasm Resources.　

　　The registration of crop germplasm resources adopts a unified numbering system, and no unit or individual may change the national unified number and name.　

　　Article 16　　The conservation of agricultural germplasm resources shall be based on the system of combining original habitat preservation with non-original habitat preservation. In-situ conservation includes the establishment of agricultural germplasm conservation zone and protected areas, while non-in-situ conservation includes the establishment of various types of germplasm banks, germplasm nurseries and test-tube seedling banks.　

　　Article 17　　The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs shall establish conservation zone or protected areas of agricultural germplasm in agricultural plant diversity centers, wild species of important crops and wild related plants, and other areas rich in agricultural wild resources.　

　　Article 18　　The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs shall establish a national crop germplasm bank, including a long-term germplasm bank and its duplicate bank, a medium-term germplasm bank, a germplasm nursery and a test-tube seedling bank.　

　　The long-term germplasm bank is responsible for the long-term preservation of agricultural germplasm resources in China; The duplicate bank is responsible for the backup and preservation of germplasm stored in the long-term germplasm bank; The medium-term germplasm bank is responsible for the medium-term preservation, characterization, propagation and distribution of germplasm; Germplasm nursery and test-tube seedling bank are responsible for the preservation, characterization, propagation and distribution of asexual crops and perennial crop germplasm.　

　　The relevant state and local departments shall take measures to ensure the normal operation of the national germplasm bank and the safety of germplasm resources.　

　　Article 19　　The competent agricultural and rural departments of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall, according to the needs, establish conservation zone, protected areas, germplasm nurseries and medium-term germplasm banks of agricultural germplasm in the region.　

　　　　

　　Fourth, the reproduction and utilization of crop germplasm resources in Zhang Nong.　

　　　　

　　Article 20　　The state encourages units and individuals to engage in research and innovation of crop germplasm resources.　

　　Article 21　　The germplasm resources preserved in the national long-term germplasm bank belong to the national strategic resources, and no unit or individual may use them without the approval of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.　

　　Due to the extinction of germplasm resources preserved in the national medium-term germplasm bank, it is necessary to take seeds from the national long-term germplasm bank for breeding, and it shall be reported to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs for approval.　

　　The national long-term germplasm bank shall regularly detect the stock germplasm resources, and when the vitality or quantity of the stock germplasm resources decreases and affects the safety of the germplasm resources, it shall promptly reproduce and supplement them.　

　　Article 22　　The national medium-term germplasm bank shall regularly reproduce and update the stock germplasm resources to ensure the vitality and quantity of the stock germplasm resources; The national germplasm nursery should regularly update the germplasm resources stored in the rejuvenation nursery to ensure the growth potential of the germplasm resources stored in the nursery. The relevant departments of the state should guarantee the cost of reproduction and renewal.　

　　Article 23　　The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs regularly publishes the catalogue of available agricultural germplasm resources according to the recommendations of the National Committee on Agricultural Germplasm Resources, and selects and recommends excellent germplasm resources.　

　　Units and individuals that need crop germplasm resources in the catalogue for scientific research and breeding may apply to the national medium-term germplasm bank and germplasm nursery. For those who meet the requirements of providing germplasm resources in the national medium-term germplasm bank and germplasm nursery, the national medium-term germplasm bank and germplasm nursery shall provide the applicant with appropriate amount of germplasm materials quickly and free of charge. If there is a charge, it shall not exceed the minimum cost required for breeding.　

　　Article 24　　Germplasm resources obtained from the state may not directly apply for new variety protection and other intellectual property rights.　

　　Article 25　　Units and individuals who have obtained germplasm resources from national medium-term germplasm banks and germplasm nurseries shall promptly feed back the utilization information of germplasm resources to them. Those who do not feed back the information have the right to stop providing them with germplasm resources.　

　　The national medium-term germplasm bank and germplasm nursery shall regularly report the distribution and utilization of germplasm resources to the office of the National Agricultural Germplasm Resources Committee.　

　　Article 26　　The competent agricultural and rural departments of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government may, according to these measures and the actual situation in the region, formulate measures for the distribution and utilization of agricultural germplasm resources in the region.　

　　　　

　　Fifth, international exchange of crop germplasm resources in Zhang Nong.　

　　　　

　　Article 27　　The state enjoys sovereignty over crop germplasm resources. Any unit or individual that provides germplasm resources abroad shall be audited by the competent agricultural and rural departments of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs for examination and approval.　

　　Article 28　　The classified management system is implemented for agricultural germplasm resources provided to the outside world, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs regularly revises the classified management catalogue.　

　　Article 29　　Providing crop germplasm resources to the outside world shall be handled according to the following procedures:　

　　(1) Units and individuals providing germplasm resources to the outside world shall fill in the Application Form for Providing Agricultural Germplasm Resources to the Outside World (see Annex I) according to the prescribed format and requirements, submit the description of providing germplasm resources to the outside world, and apply to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.　

　　(2) The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs shall make a decision on examination and approval within 20 days from the date of receiving the examination opinions. If it is approved, a Permit for Providing Agricultural Germplasm Resources to Foreign Countries will be issued (see Annex II), and a special seal for approval of providing agricultural germ plasm resources to foreign countries will be affixed.　

　　(three) the units and individuals that provide germplasm resources to the outside world shall go through the quarantine examination and approval procedures with the Permit for Providing Agricultural Germplasm Resources to the outside world.　

　　(4) The Permit for Providing Agricultural Germplasm Resources to Foreign Countries and the quarantine clearance certificate shall be used as the basis for customs clearance.　

　　Article 30　　If the foreign cooperation project includes the exchange of agricultural germplasm resources, it shall go through the examination and approval procedures for providing agricultural germplasm resources to the outside world before signing the cooperation agreement.　

　　Article 31　　The state encourages units and individuals to introduce crop germplasm resources from abroad.　

　　Article 32 　The introduction of new species from abroad shall be scientifically demonstrated and effective measures shall be taken to prevent possible ecological and environmental hazards. Before the introduction, it shall be reported to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs for approval, and after the introduction, it shall be planted in isolation for more than one growth cycle. After evaluation, it is proved that it is really safe and valuable, and then it can be planted separately.　

　　Article 33　　Units and individuals that introduce germplasm resources from abroad shall go through plant quarantine procedures in accordance with the provisions of relevant plant quarantine laws and administrative regulations. The introduced germplasm resources shall be isolated for trial planting, and only when they are proved to be free of dangerous sexually transmitted diseases, insects and weeds after quarantine by the plant quarantine institution can they be planted in a scattered way.　

　　Article 34　　The state implements a unified registration system for introduction. Introduction units and individuals shall, within one year from the date of the introduction of germplasm resources into China, report to the office of the National Committee of Agricultural Germplasm Resources for the record, and attach an appropriate amount of germplasm materials for the preservation of the national germplasm bank.　

　　The parties concerned may send the introduction information and germplasm resources to the local agricultural and rural authorities or agricultural scientific research institutions, and the local agricultural and rural authorities or agricultural scientific research institutions shall promptly report to the office of the National Committee of Agricultural Germplasm Resources for the record, and send the received germplasm resources to the national germplasm bank for preservation.　

　　Article 35　　The introduced germplasm resources shall be uniformly numbered and translated by the National Committee of Crop Germplasm Resources, and no unit or individual may change the national introduction number and translation name.　

　　　　

　　Sixth, information management of crop germplasm resources in Zhang Nong.　

　　　　

　　Article 36　　The office of the National Committee of Agricultural Germplasm Resources shall strengthen the information management of agricultural germ plasm resources, including dynamic information such as collection, identification, preservation, utilization and international exchange of germ plasm resources, provide information services for relevant departments, and protect the information security of national germ plasm resources.　

　　Article 37　　Units responsible for the collection, identification, preservation and registration of crop germplasm resources have the obligation to provide relevant information to the office of the National Committee on Crop Germplasm Resources to ensure the information sharing of crop germplasm resources.　

　　　　

　　Chapter VII Penalty Rules　

　　　　

　　Article 38　　In violation of the provisions of these measures, unauthorized collection or harvesting of natural germplasm resources under special state protection shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of Article 81 of the Seed Law.　

　　Article 39　　In violation of the provisions of these measures, the germplasm resources stored in the national long-term germplasm bank are used without approval, and the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be given administrative sanctions according to law.　

　　Article 40　　In violation of the provisions of these measures, those who provide or introduce germplasm resources from abroad without approval shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of Article 82 of the Seed Law.　

　　Article 41　　In violation of the provisions of these measures, the competent agricultural and rural departments or agricultural scientific research institutions fail to timely send the unregistered germplasm resources and overseas introduced germplasm resources received from units or individuals to the national germplasm bank for preservation, or the imported overseas germplasm resources fail to be declared for the record, the unit or the competent department at a higher level shall order them to make corrections, and the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel may be given administrative sanctions according to law.　

　　　　

　　Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions　

　　　　

　　Article 42　　Agricultural germplasm resources jointly investigated by Chinese and foreign scientists, agricultural germplasm resources provided to the outside world, and agricultural germplasm resources introduced from abroad belong to wild species, wild relatives and endangered rare species listed in the national list of key protected wild plants. In addition to going through the examination and approval procedures in accordance with these measures, relevant examination and approval procedures should also be handled in accordance with the Regulations on the Protection of Wild Plants and the Measures for the Protection of Agricultural Wild Plants.　

　　Article 43　　These Measures shall come into force as of October 1, 2003. On March 28, 1997, the Interim Measures for the Administration of Import and Export of Crop Seeds (Seedlings) issued by the Ministry of Agriculture was abolished at the same time.　

　　　　

On September 13th, 2024, Chongqing Mobo Fair was grandly opened, and Lifan Motorcycle came on the scene, and the brand-new masterpiece Lifan V400 cruise motorcycle came on the scene! The night version starts at only 21,980 yuan, and the glory version enjoys a price of 22,980 yuan. This price/performance ratio is simply against the sky, just waiting for you to control it!

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CCTV News:At the final of the 1st China Civil Aviation Maintenance Job Vocational Skills Competition in 2017, 18 final teams and 54 contestants stood out from 76 teams of 61 civil aviation maintenance units nationwide, competing on the same stage in the national competition. In the end, three players from China Eastern Airlines Technology Co., Ltd. won all three individual first prizes in the first competition with the top three overall scores, and the player with the first overall score was Juck Zhang, an employee of the inspection department of Yunnan Branch of China Eastern Airlines Technology Co., Ltd.

　

Fuse braiding and tempering skills

As the first national No.1 in China Civil Aviation Maintenance Job Vocational Skills Competition, Juck Zhang was not on the list of contestants at first.

After the competition date is confirmed, some players originally scheduled by China Eastern Airlines need to change their positions temporarily because the competition schedule conflicts with the course time to be trained by the public. At this time, Juck Zhang, who has won unanimous praise for his excellent work and professional quality, was ordered to join China Eastern Airlines Team 2 to compete.

In September, the preliminary contest of the national competition ended. Although Juck Zhang and his teammates successfully advanced to the final, they were not satisfied with their preliminary performance and achievements in the middle reaches.

The coach and the team members analyzed the reasons for losing points together, and compared the differences with their brother units. Everyone thought that the problem was not that they did not understand or master a certain professional operation, but the reaction speed. In the preliminary competition, the distance between the tool placement and the operation post is different from that in daily work and pre-competition training, which is much longer, which also delays the players’ time and affects the competition score.

Juck Zhang, his coach and teammates are determined to sprint the short board before the final, because this is not only related to the final ranking, but also an opportunity to force themselves to adapt to different environments and improve their maintenance ability and efficiency under different conditions. The competition is temporary, and taking this as an opportunity to temper and grow will benefit your work for a long time.

With this in mind, Juck Zhang fully cooperated with the coach’s training. Tan Xiaowei is one of the coaches. He has participated in the American International Skills Competition and has rich experience. According to the feedback from the preliminary competition, he asked Juck Zhang and other team members to put the tools farther away than the competition, so as to strictly test the efficiency of collecting tools and carrying out maintenance operations.

为了进一步“逼”自己提升熟练程度，张超还按照教练的要求，蒙起眼睛练习给保险丝编花，或是把双手手腕绑起来，练习用手指进行保险丝编花。这种看似近乎苛刻到极端的训练环境，恰是逼出娴熟操作技能，加深肌肉记忆非常有效的冲刺手段。

就这样，张超一遍遍地训练，再请教练一遍遍点评，虽然半开玩笑地给教练起了“魔鬼教练”的绰号，但手下仍毫不含糊。

11月21日比赛当天，“魔鬼教练”对效率的倒逼果然没有白费，张超一炮打响，以出色的专业表现、一流的操作效率在全国机务高手中力压群雄，创下全场最好成绩，荣膺一等奖。

十年坚守 匠心持续

机务维修是民航保障的幕后工种，也是民航生产运行的关键基础环节，作为飞机的“保健医生”，机务维修队伍是民航践行工匠精神的一支主力军，机务维修人员则是坚守安全适航防线的守门员。

2007年，22岁的张超从南昌航空大学飞行器设计与工程专业毕业，加入了东航昆明维修基地从事机务工作，岗前培训后，他被分配到了定检部飞控组，直至今天，一直在飞控组从事飞机维护工作。

This job makes Juck Zhang, who loves his major and airplanes, full of happiness-"He can directly contact the airplane when he is working as a mechanic, and he can directly dismantle the airplane, which is the closest to the airplane and the closest to the airplane". While enjoying his love, Juck Zhang didn’t forget another heavy connotation in his work-responsibility.

From 2007 to 2017, Juck Zhang devoted himself to studying regulations, studying technology, accumulating experience and sorting out his experience in his post. Although the outside world is colorful, in his mind, the most wonderful thing is always the maintenance post he stuck to.

In 2008, Juck Zhang won the outstanding new employee of China Eastern Airlines; In October 2016, he won the third member of the civil aviation vocational skills competition group and the third place of two individuals in the China Skills Competition; In December, 2016, he participated in the skill competition of Yunnan civil aviation jurisdiction and won the first prize of the group … … An honor is a quiet record of Juck Zhang’s ten-year maintenance work.

"The biggest gain from participating in this competition is that I have experienced a spiritual sublimation. This result convinced me not to cling to temporary gains, but to be normal. In the future, I will continue to strive for perfection in my own profession. I believe that as long as I work hard, there will always be good luck waiting for me ahead. " Juck Zhang said.

The contest has ended, but the ingenuity of the civil aviation crew continues. (Source: China Eastern Airlines Group)

　　Mr. Zhang has a credit card of P Bank. Recently, he inadvertently discovered that there were two large-scale purchases that had "installment repayment", and he had to pay more than 300 yuan a month, but he couldn’t remember when he started the automatic installment business. The Beijing Youth Daily reporter learned that there are still many credit card customers like Mr. Zhang, and the banks involved are far more than one P bank. Some customers have even been "phased" for more than 7 years before they found out that the handling fee paid has reached 40,000 to 50,000 yuan.

　　Are these banks really opening installment repayment business for customers without authorization? Why didn’t the customer find it in time? Is the bank’s behavior illegal? Recently, the reporter of Beiqing Daily conducted an investigation.

　　phenomenon

　　Customers complain that credit cards are "automatically phased"

　　In the black cat complaint platform and major bank card forums, customers who claim to be "automatically phased by banks" can be seen everywhere.

　　Mr. Zhang mentioned above has credit cards from several banks, and this card of Bank P used to be a small amount of consumption, and no problems were found. Recently, he used this card to make two large purchases, one is 10,000 yuan, and the other is 3,000 yuan. Soon, he received a short message from the bank, saying that both purchases were successfully applied for free installment payment, and he had to pay more than 300 yuan a month. However, Mr. Zhang has no impression of the opening of "automatic staging".

　　In early August, Miss Zhang, a customer of H Bank, made a consumption of 99,888 yuan. Later, she found that there was an automatic handling fee of 12 installments in the bill of the month, each installment was 749.16 yuan, and the amortization principal of each installment was 8,324 yuan. After the 12 installments were completed, the handling fee was nearly 9,000 yuan, and the annualized interest rate was 9%. Miss Zhang remembers that when she first set up this card, the staff told her that it was an ordinary credit card, which did not mean that the card would be automatically divided into stages on the billing date, and she herself did not take the initiative to apply later. Miss Zhang believes that the bank opened the automatic installment business for her without authorization, just to "make more money".

　　Mr. Zhao, a customer of X Bank, applied for a credit card in September 2020. After paying the bill in early December, he didn’t use this card again. Later, he found that there was still repayment every month. When he inquired about the bill, he found that the original banking system had carried out 12 automatic installments, but he had no impression of applying for this business.

　　The reporter of Beiqing Daily found that in addition to the three banks mentioned above, some customers of G Bank and Z Bank have also encountered the situation of being inexplicably "phased", and the most complaints are P Bank.

　　survey

　　Did the bank open the business without authorization?

　　So many customers complain that they have been "phased". Is the bank really so bold?

　　Many insiders told the reporter of Beiqing Daily that according to the regulatory requirements and the bank’s own internal regulations, it is definitely impossible for the bank to open this business without the consent or authorization of the customer. From a practical point of view, many customers have checked the relevant options when they apply for a card, or made relevant representations when they received a marketing call or text message from the bank, but they forgot it after a long time; It is also possible that the customer misunderstood the meaning of the terms or the expression of the staff when communicating. In the past few years, the credit card business management of some banks was not standardized. It is not excluded that some salesmen deliberately concealed important information to induce customers, and even checked the "automatic installment" option on the application form for customers in violation of regulations.

　　Mr. Xu, a customer of P Bank, met such a salesman. At the end of 2014, the credit card salesman of Bank P went to the place where Mr. Xu worked to sell credit cards. In recent years, Mr. Xu has paid directly on Alipay or WeChat, never looking at the bank’s electronic bills, let alone finding out the details. Until March of this year, Mr. Xu felt that the repayment amount was not in line with the consumption situation. After checking the bill, he found that Bank P had charged him nearly 47,000 yuan in installment business fees in recent years. Shocked, Mr. Xu called the credit card center to ask for a refund, but was told that when he applied for a card in 2014, he checked the free installment function on the paper application materials, and a single purchase over 800 yuan was automatically repaid in six installments. Mr. Xu said that after seven years, he couldn’t remember whether it was checked by the salesman or painted by himself. But what is certain is that I don’t know anything about free staging.

　　According to the reporter of Beiqing Daily, from the feedback from the bank, there are still some controversial customers who actively apply for the automatic installment business on the App, but they all said that they don’t remember checking it on the App.

　　Su Xiaorui, a senior analyst at Analysys, pointed out that credit card holders usually don’t read the terms carefully, and the bank staff didn’t tell the relevant business information in detail. In this case, cardholders are easily "cheated" and passively choose installment business. In addition, some banks put key information in inconspicuous places, and cardholders sometimes ignore the installment fee for checking monthly bills, which are also factors that trigger consumer disputes.

　　question

　　Liquidated damages will be paid for termination of installment prepayment.

　　After customers find that they have been inexplicably opened the automatic installment business, they will generally take the initiative to complain to the bank, demand a refund of the fees received, and demand that the business be stopped. However, it is not easy to cancel this business. Many banks require that certain fees must be paid, and at the same time, they must be audited.

　　For example, Bank P stipulates that after a cardholder successfully applies for free installment payment, the number and amount of installments he has applied for cannot be changed and cannot be revoked. If the cardholder applies for early repayment, the cardholder must repay all the remaining undistributed installment principal in one lump sum, and the handling fee corresponding to the remaining undistributed installment number is not required to be paid. The handling fee collected in one lump sum will be refunded to the handling fee corresponding to the remaining undistributed installment number, and the bank will collect 3% of the undistributed principal amount of the cardholder as a penalty. The liquidated damages collected for early repayment and the undistributed principal amount will be fully included in the minimum repayment amount of the next bill.

　　Mr. Liu, a customer of X Bank, set up a credit card a few years ago. Now the monthly consumption exceeds 5,000 yuan, and the bank directly handles the 12-month installment. He called and said that he would pay in advance, and learned that he would have to pay 3% penalty. Mr. Liu said angrily: "Don’t you need to inform the customer for staging? If you have to pay liquidated damages in advance, will this overlord clause be left unattended? "

　　Supervision

　　Some banks were severely punished for illegal installment business.

　　Of course, the chaos existing in the credit card installment business is taken care of. The regulatory authorities have noticed the irregularities of some banks and increased the punishment.

　　On July 7th this year, the Consumer Protection Bureau of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China issued a circular on the infringement of consumers’ rights and interests by a bank. The circular pointed out that a bank has six kinds of illegal and illegal problems, such as checking the initial amount of automatic installment of credit cards by default.

　　According to the circular, since March 2015, this bank has launched the "Lixiang Card" credit card business, and the initial amount of automatic installment is divided into three grades, namely 5,000 yuan, 10,000 yuan and 20,000 yuan. Since March 2019, in order to increase the income of credit card installment business, the bank has adjusted the automatic installment starting amount of "Lixiang Card" to "3,000 yuan by default", and customers cannot choose other installment starting amounts when they apply for a card. However, according to the regulations of the bank, customers can modify the starting amount of automatic installment through the customer service hotline, but they are not prompted in the application form and online channel application page. By the end of June 2020, the bank had issued 45,400 "Lixiang Cards" with an initial amount of 3,000 yuan, involving installment income of 35,736,400 yuan.

　　A few days ago, the bank that was criticized by name issued the Announcement on Suspension of Customers’ Application for Automatic Staging Business by Credit Card. Since August 31, 2021, customers have been suspended from applying for automatic staging business in various channels.

　　Dong Zheng, a senior bank card expert, believes that installment business is an important component of bank credit card business income, which can not only stimulate consumption, ease the financial pressure on users, but also increase the intermediate income of banks, and has been paid more and more attention by banks recently. However, at present, banks are overexerting in the marketing of installment business, and there are still some defects in the service level, especially in the communication with customers and how to guide users to handle it, which need further standardization.

　　Text/Reporter Cheng Wei Coordinator/Yu Meiying

　　Photo courtesy/vision china

　　point out

　　Consumers should look carefully at the card terms and monthly bills.

　　In the interview, the reporter of Beiqing Daily found that a considerable number of cardholders not only did not read the terms carefully when handling the card, but also did not check the bills in detail every month after using the card, so that it took many years to discover that they were "phased". In view of this phenomenon, people in the industry generally believe that consumers themselves should take the initiative to strengthen their understanding and management of credit cards, especially pay attention to terms such as fees, interest rates and repayment methods, so as to effectively reduce the occurrence of such disputes.

　　Su Xiaorui, a senior analyst at Analysys, pointed out that cardholders must first understand that credit cards are truly free only if they are fully repaid during the interest-free period, and other charging methods should be paid special attention; At the same time, don’t handle staging for the so-called staging gifts and staging concessions, but handle them according to your own needs.

    Xinhua News Agency, Baghdad, January 18th　 Title: The spillover of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict continues, and the situation in the Middle East is tense.

    Xinhua News Agency reporter Duan Minfu

    Recently, the situation in many places in the Middle East is tense. The United States and Britain successively bombed the targets of Houthi armed forces in Yemen and retaliated against Houthi armed forces for attacking cargo ships in the Red Sea waters; Iran launched missiles to cross-border attack the targets of "terrorist organizations" in Pakistan and other countries and Israeli intelligence agencies in Syria, causing dissatisfaction among neighboring countries; The continuous exchange of fire between Israel and Hezbollah in Lebanon, and the attack and death of a senior commander of Hezbollah have escalated the tension between the two sides.

    Analysts pointed out that the US military attack on Houthi armed forces will only make the shipping problem in the Red Sea more difficult to solve. Tensions between Iran and neighboring countries have increased regional instability. The conflict between Israel and Hezbollah in Lebanon may be protracted. All these reflect that the spillover effect of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict is spreading.

    This is an Israeli helicopter over the northern border of Israel (photo taken on January 8). Xinhua News Agency (photo by Aillard Margolin/Gini Photo Agency)

    The United States and Houthi armed forces are constantly fighting

    According to Masila TV, which is controlled by the Houthi armed forces in Yemen, the United States and Britain attacked several Houthi armed targets in northern and central Yemen in the early morning of 18th, which were located in several locations in five provinces, namely Hodeidah, Taiz, Samar, Beida and Sada.

    Since the outbreak of the current Palestinian-Israeli conflict, Yemeni Houthi armed forces have frequently attacked ships associated with Israel and the United States in the Red Sea to show their support for Palestine. The United States and Britain began to counterattack by launching air strikes against the targets of Houthi armed forces in Yemen on the 12th. On the 17th, the US government also announced that it would re-list the Houthi armed forces in Yemen as a "specially recognized global terrorist" entity, thus putting pressure on the Houthi armed forces.

    Sullivan, Assistant to the US President for National Security Affairs, issued a statement saying that the US move will further restrict Houthi’s armed forces from entering the financial market and hold them accountable for attacking merchant ships traveling to and from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. If the Houthi armed forces stop attacking, the United States will immediately reassess this decision.

    However, analysts pointed out that the US counterattack is not only difficult to exert pressure on Houthi armed forces, but may also lead to further escalation of the situation in the Red Sea. To solve the problem of shipping safety in the Red Sea, the most important thing is to promote the Palestinian-Israeli ceasefire as soon as possible.

    Abdel-Salam, a spokesman for the Houthi armed forces in Yemen, said that the decision of the United States was entirely for political purposes, which had "no real impact" on the Houthi armed forces, but would strengthen their "determination to support the Palestinian people". Yemeni political analyst tamimi pointed out that the Houthi armed forces have been facing a blockade for a long time, so the sanctions brought by the United States listing the Houthi armed forces as a terrorist organization have limited effect.

    Regarding the air strikes by the United States and Britain, according to Michael Naitz, a researcher at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, this move may be counterproductive, because it will give the Houthi armed forces more reasons to launch attacks. Barbara Slevin, an expert on Middle East issues at Stimson Center, an American think tank, also believes that the US-British air strikes can’t solve any problems. "What is most needed now is to promote a ceasefire in Gaza.".

    Tensions between Iran and neighboring countries have intensified.

    Pakistan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement on the 18th, saying that Pakistan had carried out a series of precise attacks on the "terrorist" hideouts in Sistan-Baluchistan province in southeastern Iran, killing many "terrorists". According to Iranian media reports, seven foreigners were killed.

    Affected by the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the unstable situation in the Middle East and its surrounding areas has intensified recently. Recently, Iran launched missile strikes against targets it identified as threatening Iran’s security in Syria, Iraq and Pakistan and Israeli intelligence agencies, which triggered strong dissatisfaction among relevant countries.

    The Iraqi Foreign Ministry issued a statement on the 16th, condemning the Iranian attack as a "flagrant violation" of Iraq’s sovereignty. The Iraqi government subsequently recalled its ambassador to Iran and lodged a complaint with the United Nations about the attack. Pakistan’s Foreign Ministry announced the recall of the country’s ambassador to Iran on the 17th, and announced on the 18th that it had carried out a precise military strike against "terrorists" in Iran.

   On January 5, in Tehran, Iran, people attended the funeral of the victims of the explosion attack in Kerman. Xinhua News Agency reporter Shadati photo

    Analysts pointed out that the main reason for Iran’s cross-border crackdown in recent days is the sharp deterioration of the security situation in the Middle East after the outbreak of a new round of Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Iran was bombed by the extremist organization "Islamic State" a few days ago. This time, it repeatedly shot and intended to show its determination to safeguard national security and respond to hostile actions.

    Wang Guang, secretary-general of the Council of China-Arab Reform and Development Research Center, believes that many cross-border attacks and several "third-party areas" are in a tense situation, reflecting that the spillover effect of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict is continuing to spread.

    Israel and Hizbullah have been fighting incessantly.

    After the new round of Palestinian-Israeli conflict broke out, Israel exchanged fire with Hezbollah in the north, which supported Palestinian Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas). Since this month, Israel has killed many senior leaders or commanders of Hezbollah in Hamas and Lebanon. On the 2nd, an Israeli drone attacked Hamas’s office in the southern suburbs of Beirut, killing six people, including Saleh al-Arouri, vice chairman of the Political Bureau of Hamas. On the 7th, Israeli troops killed Wissam Taweel, a senior commander of Hizbullah, on the Israeli-Lebanese border. On the 9th, the Israeli army killed another senior commander of Hizbullah, Ali Hussein.

    Analysts pointed out that from the commander level of the attack, it can be seen that the military conflict between Israel and Hezbollah in Lebanon is escalating. Israel used its intelligence and technological advantages to "precisely remove" the top leaders of Hizbullah, with the aim of cooperating with the Israeli military operations in Gaza and rebuilding its intelligence deterrence.

    Hezbollah retaliated against Israel’s actions, including attacking the headquarters of Israel’s Northern Command with drones. Ayal Pinko, a senior researcher at the Bei Jing-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies in Israel, believes that Hizbullah will not give up in the face of Israel’s precision strike.

    Lebanese media "Oriental-Today" quoted Hezbollah insiders as saying: "This will be a long battle, a war of attrition that requires patience." (Participating in reporters: Wang Shang, Xie Hao, Ji Ze, Cheng Shuaipeng, Zhang Tianlang, Lu Yingxu, Sha Dati, Li Jun)

On January 17, 2022, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader pointed out in his speech at the World Economic Forum video conference: "China wants to achieve common prosperity, but it is not egalitarianism, but it must first put ‘ Cake ’ Make it bigger, and then put ‘ Cake ’ Divide well, the rising tide lifts all boats, and each has its place, so that the development results will benefit all the people more fairly and fairly. "

Common prosperity is the essential requirement of socialism, one of the important characteristics of Chinese modernization, and an important mission and unswerving goal of our party.

Touching people, don’t worry about feelings first. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has worked at the grassroots level for a long time, and he has a profound understanding of the national conditions, a meticulous observation of the people’s feelings and deep feelings for the people. He makes good use of everyday things that come from life and the masses to make an analogy, so that the core essence of the policy reaches the hearts of the people and warms their hearts.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the General Secretary has repeatedly used "cake" as a metaphor, stressing that "we should adhere to the people-centered development thinking and promote common prosperity in high-quality development".

Delicious and tempting "cake" is a concrete expression of common prosperity and contains rich connotations.

The first connotation reveals the relationship between production and distribution. "Making cakes" is the premise and foundation, and "dividing cakes" is the goal and vision.

On August 17, 2021, the General Secretary pointed out at the tenth meeting of the Central Financial and Economic Committee that "a happy life is a struggle, and common prosperity depends on hard work and wisdom".

If the "cake" can’t be bigger, then everyone can only score less or even less; Only by making the "cake" bigger can we ensure that everyone has a chance to taste delicious food. "Making a cake" requires everyone to contribute their hard work and wisdom for a better life. Everyone Qi Xin will work together and work together. If there are more opportunistic and lazy people, there will be no "cake" in the end.

The second connotation reveals the relationship between fairness and efficiency. To achieve common prosperity, we will suffer from inequality.

On October 29, 2015, the General Secretary emphasized at the second plenary session of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee: "In sharing the fruits of reform and development, there are still some imperfections in both the actual situation and the system design. To this end, we must adhere to the principle that development is for the people, development depends on the people, and the fruits of development are shared by the people, and make more effective institutional arrangements, so that all people can make steady progress in the direction of common prosperity, and there must be no ‘ The rich are tired of millions, while the poor eat chaff ’ The phenomenon. "

Common prosperity is the prosperity of all the people, not the prosperity of a few people, nor is it uniform egalitarianism, let alone advocating "eating from the same pot" for nothing. If the "cake" is unfairly divided, it will inevitably breed contradictions and hidden dangers. Therefore, only by planning the top-level design and reasonable system of "dividing cakes" can we convince everyone.

The third connotation reveals the relationship between growth and demand.

The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly pointed out that when Socialism with Chinese characteristics entered a new era, the principal contradiction in our society had been transformed into the contradiction between the people’s growing need for a better life and the unbalanced development.

On August 17th, 2021, when the General Secretary presided over the 10th meeting of the Central Financial and Economic Committee, he emphasized that it is necessary to strengthen the guidance of socialist core values, strengthen the education of patriotism, collectivism and socialism, develop public cultural undertakings, improve the public cultural service system, and constantly meet the diverse, multi-level and multi-faceted spiritual and cultural needs of the people.

Therefore, the "cake" should not only be bigger, but also be more delicious. On the road to common prosperity, we should not only make the "pockets" rich, but also make the "heads" rich.

Enriching the people and keeping the country safe, and striving for the first place.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has placed the promotion of common prosperity for all people in a more important position, taken effective measures to safeguard and improve people’s livelihood, led hundreds of millions of people to win the battle against poverty, and United and led the whole party and people of all ethnic groups to build a well-off society in an all-round way, laying a solid foundation for solidly promoting common prosperity.

On February 7, 2023, the general secretary profoundly expounded a series of major theoretical and practical problems of Chinese modernization at the opening ceremony of studying and implementing the spirit seminar of the 20 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. In this "first lesson in the first year" for newly-appointed members of the Central Committee, alternate members and leading cadres at the provincial and ministerial levels, the General Secretary once again stressed that Chinese modernization is the modernization of common prosperity for all people.

A branch and a leaf are always related to love. When the general secretary talked about the big issue of "common prosperity", he did not preach stiffly and used difficult and obscure language, but explained it. The metaphor of "cake" is simple, natural and grounded, which makes people realize the profound significance in easy listening.

This is not only the general secretary’s speech style and language characteristics, but also a vivid embodiment of a big country leader’s frank and pragmatic style.