(On July 5th, 1994, the 8th meeting of the 8th the NPC Standing Committee passed the first amendment according to the Decision on Amending the Urban Real Estate Management Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) of the 29th meeting of the 10th the NPC Standing Committee on August 30th, 2007, and the second amendment according to the Decision on Amending Some Laws of the 10th meeting of the 11th the NPC Standing Committee on August 27th, 2009. The amendment is based on the Decision on Amending the Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Urban Real Estate Administration Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) at the 12th meeting of the 13th the NPC Standing Committee on August 26th, 2019).

　　Catalogue

　　Chapter I General Provisions

　　Chapter II Land for Real Estate Development

　　Section 1 Transfer of Land Use Rights

　　Section 2 Allocation of Land Use Rights

　　Chapter III Real Estate Development

　　Chapter IV Real Estate Transactions

　　Section 1 General Provisions

　　Section 2 Transfer of Real Estate

　　Section 3 Real Estate Mortgage

　　Section 4 Housing Lease

　　Section 5 Intermediary service institutions

　　Chapter V Registration Management of Real Estate Ownership

　　Chapter VI Legal Liability

　　Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

　　Chapter I General Provisions

　　Article 1 This Law is formulated with a view to strengthening the management of urban real estate, maintaining the order of the real estate market, safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of real estate owners and promoting the healthy development of the real estate industry.

　　Article 2 This Law shall be observed in obtaining the land use right of real estate development land, engaging in real estate development, real estate transaction and real estate management within the state-owned land in People’s Republic of China (PRC) urban planning area (hereinafter referred to as state-owned land).

　　The term "houses" as mentioned in this Law refers to buildings and structures such as houses on land.

　　The term "real estate development" as mentioned in this Law refers to the construction of infrastructure and houses on the land that has obtained the right to use state-owned land according to this Law.

　　Real estate transactions mentioned in this Law include real estate transfer, real estate mortgage and house lease.

　　Article 3 The state practices a system of paid and limited use of state-owned land according to law. However, unless the state allocates the right to use state-owned land within the scope prescribed by this law.

　　Article 4 The state shall, according to the level of social and economic development, support the development of residential buildings and gradually improve the living conditions of residents.

　　Fifth real estate owners should abide by laws and administrative regulations and pay taxes according to law. The legitimate rights and interests of real estate owners are protected by law, and no unit or individual may infringe upon them.

　　Article 6 In order to meet the needs of public interests, the state may expropriate the houses of units and individuals on state-owned land, and give compensation for demolition according to law, so as to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the expropriated person; Where individual houses are expropriated, the living conditions of the expropriated person shall also be guaranteed. The specific measures shall be formulated by the State Council.

　　Seventh the State Council construction administrative departments and land management departments shall, in accordance with the division of functions and powers stipulated by the State Council, carry out their duties and cooperate closely to manage the national real estate work.

　　The establishment of the real estate management and land management departments of local people’s governments at or above the county level and their functions and powers shall be determined by the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.

　　Chapter II Land for Real Estate Development

　　Section 1 Transfer of Land Use Rights

　　Article 8 Transfer of land use right refers to the act that the state transfers the state-owned land use right (hereinafter referred to as land use right) to land users within a certain period of time, and the land users pay the land use right transfer fee to the state.

　　Article 9 The right to use the collectively-owned land in a planned urban area can only be transferred with compensation after it has been expropriated and turned into state-owned land according to law, except as otherwise provided by law.

　　Article 10 The assignment of land use rights must conform to the overall land use planning, urban planning and annual construction land plan.

　　Article 11 Where a local people’s government at or above the county level transfers the land use right for real estate development, it shall draw up an annual plan for transferring the total area of land use right according to the control indicators issued by the people’s government at or above the provincial level, and submit it to the State Council or the provincial people’s government for approval in accordance with the provisions of the State Council.

　　Twelfth land use rights transfer, by the city and county people’s government in a planned and step-by-step manner. The land management department of the people’s government of the city or county shall, jointly with the urban planning, construction and real estate management departments, draw up a plan for each plot, use, life and other conditions, and implement it after being approved by the people’s government with the right of approval in accordance with the provisions of the State Council.

　　The exercise of the powers prescribed in the preceding paragraph by the county people’s governments of municipalities directly under the Central Government and their relevant departments shall be prescribed by the people’s governments of municipalities directly under the Central Government.

　　Thirteenth transfer of land use rights, can take the form of auction, bidding or mutual agreement.

　　Commercial, tourism, entertainment and luxury residential land, conditional, must be taken by auction and tender; If auction or tender cannot be adopted without conditions, it can be agreed by both parties.

　　The transfer fee for transferring the land use right by mutual agreement shall not be lower than the lowest price determined by the state.

　　Article 14 The maximum term of assignment of land use rights shall be stipulated by the State Council.

　　Fifteenth transfer of land use rights, a written transfer contract shall be signed.

　　The land use right transfer contract is signed by the land management department of the people’s government of the city or county and the land user.

　　Sixteenth land users must pay the transfer fee for land use rights in accordance with the transfer contract; Failing to pay the transfer fee for the land use right as agreed in the transfer contract, the land management department has the right to terminate the contract and may request compensation for breach of contract.

　　Seventeenth land users in accordance with the transfer contract to pay the transfer fee of land use rights, the land management department of the people’s government of the city or county must provide the land sold in accordance with the transfer contract; If the leased land is not provided in accordance with the transfer contract, the land user has the right to terminate the contract, and the land management department will return the land use right transfer fee, and the land user may also request compensation for breach of contract.

　　Article 18 If a land user needs to change the land use agreed in the land use right transfer contract, he must obtain the consent of the transferor and the competent department of urban planning administration of the municipal or county people’s government, sign an agreement on the change of the land use right transfer contract or re-sign the land use right transfer contract, and adjust the land use right transfer fee accordingly.

　　Nineteenth land use rights transfer fees should be turned over to the finance, included in the budget, for urban infrastructure construction and land development. The specific measures for the payment and use of land use right transfer fees shall be formulated by the State Council.

　　Article 20 The state shall not take back the land use right legally obtained by land users before the expiration of the service life stipulated in the transfer contract; Under special circumstances, according to the needs of social public interests, it can be recovered in advance in accordance with legal procedures, and corresponding compensation can be given according to the actual years of land use and the actual situation of land development by land users.

　　Twenty-first land use rights shall be terminated due to the loss of land.

　　Twenty-second land use rights transfer contract expires, the land users need to continue to use the land, should apply for renewal at the latest one year before the expiration, except for the need to recover the land according to social and public interests, it should be approved. If the renewal is approved, the land use right transfer contract shall be re-signed and the land use right transfer fee shall be paid in accordance with the regulations.

　　The land use right transfer contract expires, and the land user fails to apply for renewal, or if the application for renewal is not approved in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the land use right shall be recovered by the state free of charge.

　　Section 2 Allocation of Land Use Rights

　　Article 23 The allocation of land use right refers to the act that the people’s government at or above the county level approves the land user to use it after paying compensation, resettlement and other expenses, or the land use right is delivered to the land user for free.

　　Unless otherwise provided by laws and administrative regulations, there is no restriction on the term of use if the land use right is obtained by allocation in accordance with the provisions of this Law.

　　Twenty-fourth the following construction land use rights, which are really necessary, can be approved by the people’s governments at or above the county level according to law:

　　(a) land for state organs and military use;

　　(2) Land for urban infrastructure and public welfare undertakings;

　　(3) Land for energy, transportation, water conservancy and other projects supported by the state;

　　(four) other land as prescribed by laws and administrative regulations.

　　Chapter III Real Estate Development

　　Twenty-fifth real estate development must strictly implement urban planning, and implement comprehensive planning, rational layout, comprehensive development and supporting construction in accordance with the principle of unity of economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits.

　　Twenty-sixth to obtain land use rights for real estate development by means of transfer, the land must be developed in accordance with the land use and the development period agreed in the land use right transfer contract. If the development has not started for one year beyond the date agreed in the transfer contract, a land idle fee equivalent to less than 20% of the transfer fee for land use rights may be levied; If the development has not started for two years, the land use right can be recovered free of charge; However, unless the commencement of development is delayed due to force majeure or the actions of the government and relevant government departments or the preliminary work necessary for the commencement of development.

　　Article 27 The design and construction of real estate development projects must conform to the relevant national standards and norms.

　　Real estate development projects can only be delivered after they are completed and accepted.

　　Article 28 Land use rights obtained according to law may be invested in shares at a fixed price for joint venture and cooperation in the development and operation of real estate in accordance with this Law and relevant laws and administrative regulations.

　　Article 29 The State shall adopt preferential measures such as taxation to encourage and support real estate development enterprises to develop and build residential houses.

　　Thirtieth real estate development enterprises are enterprises engaged in real estate development and management for the purpose of making profits. The establishment of a real estate development enterprise shall meet the following conditions:

　　(1) Having its own name and organization;

　　(2) Having a fixed business place;

　　(3) Having a registered capital meeting the requirements of the State Council;

　　(four) there are enough professional and technical personnel;

　　(5) Other conditions stipulated by laws and administrative regulations.

　　The establishment of a real estate development enterprise shall apply to the administrative department for industry and commerce for registration of establishment. The administrative department for industry and commerce shall register and issue a business license to those who meet the requirements stipulated in this law; Those who do not meet the requirements stipulated in this law shall not be registered.

　　Where a limited liability company or a joint stock limited company is established to engage in real estate development and operation, the relevant provisions of the Company Law shall also be implemented.

　　A real estate development enterprise shall, within one month after receiving its business license, go to the department designated by the local people’s government at or above the county level where the registration authority is located for the record.

　　Thirty-first real estate development enterprises registered capital and total investment ratio shall comply with the relevant provisions of the state.

　　If a real estate development enterprise develops real estate by stages, the amount of investment by stages shall be commensurate with the scale of the project, and in accordance with the stipulations of the land use right transfer contract, it shall invest funds on schedule for the project construction.

　　Chapter IV Real Estate Transactions

　　Section 1 General Provisions

　　Article 32 When real estate is transferred or mortgaged, the ownership of the house and the land use right within the occupied area of the house shall be transferred and mortgaged at the same time.

　　Thirty-third benchmark land price, demarcation land price and the replacement price of all kinds of houses shall be determined and published regularly. The specific measures shall be formulated by the State Council.

　　Article 34 The State practices a real estate price appraisal system.

　　The evaluation of real estate price should follow the principles of justice, fairness and openness, and be based on the benchmark land price, the calibrated land price and the replacement price of various houses with reference to the local market price in accordance with the technical standards and evaluation procedures stipulated by the state.

　　Article 35 The State implements the system of declaring the transaction price of real estate.

　　When transferring real estate, the owner of real estate shall truthfully declare the transaction price to the department specified by the local people’s government at or above the county level, and shall not conceal or make false declaration.

　　Article 36 When transferring or mortgaging real estate, the parties concerned shall register the ownership in accordance with the provisions of Chapter V of this Law.

　　Section 2 Transfer of Real Estate

　　Article 37 The transfer of real estate refers to the act that the owner of real estate transfers his real estate to others through sale, gift or other legal means.

　　Article 38 The following real estates may not be transferred:

　　(a) the land use right is obtained by means of transfer, which does not meet the conditions stipulated in Article 39 of this Law;

　　(two) the judicial organs and administrative organs have ruled or decided to seal up or restrict the real estate rights in other forms according to law;

　　(three) to recover the land use right according to law;

　　(four) a total of real estate, without the written consent of other co-owners;

　　(five) the ownership is controversial;

　　(six) failing to register and obtain the ownership certificate according to law;

　　(seven) other circumstances in which the transfer is prohibited by laws and administrative regulations.

　　Thirty-ninth to obtain land use rights by way of transfer, the transfer of real estate, shall meet the following conditions:

　　(a) according to the transfer contract, all the land use right transfer fees have been paid, and the land use right certificate has been obtained;

　　(two) in accordance with the transfer contract agreed to invest in development, which belongs to housing construction projects, more than 25% of the total investment in development, which belongs to the development of land in pieces, forming industrial land or other construction land conditions.

　　If the house has been built when the real estate is transferred, it shall also hold the house ownership certificate.

　　Fortieth, if the land use right is obtained by allocation, the transfer of real estate shall be reported to the people’s government with the right of approval for examination and approval in accordance with the provisions of the State Council. If the people’s government with the approval authority approves the transfer, the transferee shall go through the formalities for transferring the land use right and pay the transfer fee for the land use right in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state.

　　If the land use right is obtained by means of allocation, and the people’s government with the right of approval decides not to go through the formalities of transferring the land use right when the real estate is transferred for approval, the transferor shall turn over the land proceeds from the transfer of real estate to the state or make other treatments in accordance with the provisions of the State Council.

　　Forty-first real estate transfer, a written transfer contract shall be signed, and the contract shall specify the way to obtain the land use right.

　　Forty-second when the real estate is transferred, the rights and obligations specified in the land use right transfer contract will be transferred accordingly.

　　Article 43 If the land use right is obtained by means of transfer, after the transfer of real estate, the service life of the land use right shall be the remaining service life after deducting the service life agreed in the original land use right transfer contract from the service life of the original land user.

　　Article 44 If the land use right is obtained by transfer, and the transferee changes the land use agreed in the original land use right transfer contract after the transfer of real estate, it must obtain the consent of the original transferor and the competent department of urban planning administration of the people’s government of the city or county, sign an agreement on the change of the land use right transfer contract or re-sign the land use right transfer contract, and adjust the land use right transfer fee accordingly.

　　Article 45 The pre-sale of commercial housing shall meet the following conditions:

　　(a) has paid all the land use right transfer fees and obtained the land use right certificate;

　　(2) Holding a construction project planning permit;

　　(three) according to the pre-sale of commercial housing, the investment in development and construction has reached more than 25% of the total investment in engineering construction, and the construction progress and completion delivery date have been determined;

　　(four) to handle the pre-sale registration with the real estate management department of the people’s government at or above the county level, and obtain the pre-sale permit certificate of commercial housing.

　　The pre-sale of commercial housing shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, report the pre-sale contract to the real estate management department and land management department of the people’s government at or above the county level for registration.

　　The proceeds from the pre-sale of commercial housing must be used for related engineering construction.

　　Forty-sixth commercial housing pre-sale, commercial housing pre-buyers will buy unfinished pre-sale commercial housing re-transfer, by the the State Council.

　　Section 3 Real Estate Mortgage

　　Article 47 The mortgage of real estate refers to the act that the mortgagor provides the mortgagee with the debt performance guarantee with his legal real estate without transferring possession. When the debtor fails to perform his debts, the mortgagee has the right to be paid in priority with the proceeds from the auction of mortgaged real estate according to law.

　　Article 48 A legally acquired house ownership together with the land use right within the occupied area of the house may be mortgaged.

　　The right to use the land obtained by means of transfer may be mortgaged.

　　Forty-ninth real estate mortgage shall be handled with the certificate of land use right and the certificate of house ownership.

　　Fiftieth real estate mortgage, the mortgagor and the mortgagee shall sign a written mortgage contract.

　　Article 51 The right to use the land for mortgage of real estate is obtained by allocation. After auctioning the real estate according to law, the mortgagee shall be paid the amount equivalent to the payable land use right transfer fee from the auction price.

　　Fifty-second after the signing of the real estate mortgage contract, the new houses on the land do not belong to the mortgaged property. When the mortgaged real estate needs to be auctioned, the newly-added houses on the land can be auctioned together with the mortgaged property according to law, but the mortgagee has no right to be compensated in priority for the income from the auction of newly-added houses.

　　Section 4 Housing Lease

　　Article 53 Lease of a house refers to the act that the owner of the house, as the lessor, rents his house to the lessee for use, and the lessee pays the rent to the lessor.

　　Article 54 For house leasing, the lessor and the lessee shall sign a written lease contract, stipulating the lease term, lease purpose, lease price, repair responsibility, and other rights and obligations of both parties, and register with the real estate management department for the record.

　　Article 55 The lease of residential houses shall be subject to the lease policy stipulated by the state and the people’s government of the city where the houses are located. Rental housing engaged in production and business activities, the rental and other lease terms agreed by both parties.

　　Article 56 For the purpose of making profits, if the house owner rents out the house built on the state-owned land that has obtained the right to use by allocation, he shall turn over the land income contained in the rent to the state. The specific measures shall be formulated by the State Council.

　　Section 5 Intermediary service institutions

　　Fifty-seventh real estate intermediary service agencies include real estate consulting agencies, real estate price assessment agencies, real estate brokerage agencies and so on.

　　Article 58 A real estate intermediary service institution shall meet the following conditions:

　　(1) Having its own name and organization;

　　(2) Having a fixed service place;

　　(3) Having necessary property and funds;

　　(4) Having a sufficient number of professionals;

　　(5) Other conditions stipulated by laws and administrative regulations.

　　The establishment of a real estate intermediary service institution shall apply to the administrative department for industry and commerce for registration of establishment and obtain a business license before it can start business.

　　Article 59 The State practices the qualification certification system for real estate appraisers.

　　Chapter V Registration Management of Real Estate Ownership

　　Article 60 The state practices a system of registration and certification of land use rights and house ownership.

　　Article 61 To obtain the land use right by transfer or allocation, an application for registration shall be made to the land administration department of the local people’s government at or above the county level. After verification by the land administration department of the local people’s government at or above the county level, the land use right certificate shall be issued by the people’s government at the same level.

　　If a house is built on the land for real estate development obtained according to law, it shall apply for registration to the real estate management department of the local people’s government at or above the county level with the certificate of land use right, and the real estate management department of the local people’s government at or above the county level shall verify and issue the certificate of ownership of the house.

　　When real estate is transferred or changed, it shall apply to the real estate management department of the local people’s government at or above the county level for registration of change of real estate, and apply to the land management department of the people’s government at the same level for registration of change of land use right on the basis of the changed house ownership certificate. After verification by the land management department of the people’s government at the same level, the people’s government at the same level shall replace or change the land use right certificate.

　　If it is otherwise provided by law, it shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws.

　　Article 62 When a real estate is mortgaged, it shall be registered with the department specified by the local people’s government at or above the county level.

　　Where the land use right and house ownership are obtained due to the disposal of mortgaged real estate, the transfer registration shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.

　　Article 63 Where it is determined by the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government that the local people’s governments at or above the county level are in charge of real estate management and land management by one department, they may make and issue a unified real estate title certificate, and in accordance with the provisions of Article 61 of this Law, the confirmation and change of the ownership of the house and the land use right within the occupied area of the house shall be recorded in the real estate title certificate respectively.

　　Chapter VI Legal Liability

　　Article 64 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of Articles 11 and 12 of this Law, approves the assignment or assigns the land use right for real estate development without authorization shall be given administrative sanctions by the higher authorities or the unit to which he belongs.

　　Article 65 Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of Article 30 of this Law, engages in real estate development business without obtaining a business license shall be ordered by the administrative department for industry and commerce of the people’s government at or above the county level to stop real estate development business, his illegal income shall be confiscated and he may also be fined.

　　Article 66 Where the right to use land is transferred in violation of the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 39 of this Law, the illegal income shall be confiscated by the land administration department of the people’s government at or above the county level, and a fine may also be imposed.

　　Article 67 Where a real estate is transferred in violation of the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 40 of this Law, the land administration department of the people’s government at or above the county level shall order it to pay the leasing fee for the right to use the land, confiscate its illegal income and may concurrently impose a fine.

　　Article 68 Whoever presales a commercial house in violation of the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 45 of this Law shall be ordered by the real estate management department of the people’s government at or above the county level to stop the pre-sale activities, confiscate the illegal income and may also be fined.

　　Article 69 Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of Article 58 of this Law, engages in real estate intermediary services without obtaining a business license shall be ordered by the administrative department for industry and commerce of the people’s government at or above the county level to stop the real estate intermediary services, his illegal income shall be confiscated and he may also be fined.

　　Article 70 If a real estate development enterprise is charged without the basis of laws and regulations, the higher authorities shall order it to return the money collected; If the circumstances are serious, the person directly responsible shall be given administrative sanctions by the higher authorities or the unit to which he belongs.

　　Seventy-first real estate management department, land management department staff dereliction of duty, abuse of power, which constitutes a crime, shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law; If it does not constitute a crime, it shall be given administrative sanctions.

　　If the staff of the real estate management department and the land management department take advantage of their positions to ask for other people’s property, or illegally accept other people’s property to seek benefits for others, which constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law; If it does not constitute a crime, it shall be given administrative sanctions.

　　Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

　　Article 72 Obtaining the land use right of real estate development land, engaging in real estate development and trading activities and implementing real estate management within the state-owned land outside the urban planning area shall be implemented with reference to this Law.

　　Article 73 This Law shall come into force as of January 1, 1995.

Original Tian Jin Economic Observer

In May, when the epidemic came, Picunke, who used to live at two o’clock and one line, began to live in a small low-rise rental house, living in Picun on the edge of this huge city.

Author: Tian Jin

Photo: Tian Jin

guide reading

One ||| Losing a wife in middle age, being unemployed for three months, and losing social security, all of which seem unbearable for a middle-aged person. However, Gou Zaihu, who has experienced these things, just tells his feelings without ups and downs: "It’s hard, and life has to pass. Take it one step at a time, it’s boring to think too much, and it doesn’t work. "

Er ||| After losing his job, Xu Liangyuan, who can’t shop online or brush videos, can only wander around Pi Village every day. Unlike the villagers who work on the construction site, Xu Liangyuan smokes, drinks, plays poker and mahjong. I just play chess, play table tennis, find someone to chat blindly, and sleep for a day when I am bored.

As the principal of the school, Shen Jinhua is still trying to build his own community education experimental field on the original site of the school. She said: "The epidemic has accelerated the progress of our withdrawal from the long river of history, and we have been lost and confused. But I believe this will be the beginning of a new opportunity. "

Pitun was briefly quiet.

Passing through the artistic Picun Gate, a building more like 798, you see a commercial main street that stretches for more than 500 meters. Various fly restaurants, such as Anhui noodles and Sichuan cuisine, are arranged like building blocks with fruit and vegetable shops and barber shops. The walls of self-built houses, which were uniformly painted with khaki and dark red, began to mottle and fall off, and "apartment rental and bag occupancy" with mobile phone numbers became the most advertised on the walls.

At 1: 00 noon on May 18th, the temperature was 30 degrees Celsius, and there was almost no shadow to hide in the main commercial street. Men, women and children dressed in construction clothes or sportswear hung their heads and quickly crossed the street. Looking up, the narrow skyline has been cut by scattered wires, and the planes that roared across the air every few minutes before the epidemic disappeared.

Workers’ Literature, School for Migrant Workers’ Children, Fan Yusu, this is a city village in Beijing that has been labeled with various labels, and it is also the only foothold for 10,000 migrant workers who have left their homes in Beijing.

Some people’s income in the past three months is almost zero, and the rent for the next month is beginning to become a problem. The time for starting work is still not visible, but returning to their hometown is still not their option. "The salary of three or four thousand yuan in their hometown can’t support themselves and their children at all," said a Picun guest.

However, compared with the difficulties they face repeatedly, the impact of this epidemic is just another mediocre twist in their lives. On the whole, they are going to endure it again.

In May, when the epidemic came, Picunke, who used to live at two o’clock and one line, began to live in a small low-rise rental house, living in Picun on the edge of this huge city.

The third month of losing income

Standing on the roadway and opening the door, if you are in Huzaipi Village, you can take in everything in a glance-next to the window is a bed, with winter quilts and various cloth bags piled up on the bed, and the bed is the bed for him and his 9-year-old son; On the stove, there are often dishes and woks that have not been washed the day before; The rest of the space is occupied by messy daily necessities such as seasonings, washing machines and beer bottles.

At the beginning of the year, Gou Zaihu rested in the rental house for two months due to physical reasons. When he began to look for a job in late April, the epidemic in Beijing resumed and all renovation work was suspended. He said: "In the past, I mainly relied on relatives and friends, former employers, etc., and in the last month, I reported that I didn’t have a job. It has been confiscated for three months now, and I just play my mobile phone at home every day. It has never been interrupted for so long before. If the only deposit is eaten like this, and it has not lived for another month, it will be finished and you can only borrow money. "

Because of the interruption of income, the social security he began to pay last year was also cut off. "Last year, the social security payment company that I was looking for specially had to pay about 2,000 yuan a month, just thinking that I could get a pension after I was 60 years old, and I would have more protection for myself, and I wouldn’t burden my children in the future. If it is broken now, it will be broken. Then we will see if we can find a company to return it. It can only be like this. "

On February 14, 2022, when he returned to Beijing with his son, he set himself the goal of paying off 50,000 yuan for building in one year.

According to the past life track, such a goal is not difficult to achieve: to be a decoration worker, the daily salary is more than 400 yuan. Although I don’t have a job every day, I can earn over 100,000 yuan a year under normal market conditions. In terms of cost, the annual rent, utilities are about 10 thousand yuan, the children’s tuition is in their early 10 thousand, and the living expenses of the father and son are about 30 thousand.

This is the 14th year of Gou’s drifting in northern Hubei.

The decorator is in Hu’s rental house

In 2008, 34-year-old Gou Zaihu and his wife set off from Bazhong, Sichuan Province, and after hanging around on a green leather train for nearly 30 hours, they began to drift north. After that, every year, I basically only go home once during the Chinese New Year.

From Liangmaqiao and Daqing Temple in the East Third Ring Road to Jiuxian Bridge and Heiqiao Village, and finally to Pi Village outside the Northeast Fifth Ring Road. Talking about the place where you have rented, Gou Zaihu can name a long list of place names. As in the past, his monthly rent in 600 yuan is the lowest in Picun, so he can only go to the bathhouse to take a bath and go to the toilet in a public toilet. In Beijing for 14 years, as a decorator, he witnessed and participated in the rapid expansion of the city scale, and his rental office moved out step by step.

He said: "moving around is actually very troublesome. I would rather pay more rent than live." Many times, if the rented house is to be demolished, it can only be moved, basically once every two or three years. "

As a decorator, he often needs to ride a motorcycle from Pichun at 5 am, start working at the construction site at 7: 30, and return to the rental house around 9: 00 every night. Although the days in Beipiao are hard, through years of working savings and borrowing from friends and relatives, in 2019, he built a three-story building in his hometown, which is basically the lifelong pursuit of every local fellow who goes out to work.

Gou Zaihu said: "The frame of the house cost about 300,000 yuan, so the house has no money to decorate, and you have to save it slowly by yourself. Because my parents are gone, the house is now "dusty" in my hometown. Insisting on building a house is to have a place to live when I go home in the future. Leaves fall back to the roots, and China has this tradition. "

But in the year when the house was completed, his wife died of illness, and all his life rhythms were disrupted.

He still retains many living habits that his wife asked for when she was alive. "When I am happy, I cook for myself and eat with my children. Although every time I cook, the house will be filled with the smell of oil smoke, but I eat more cleanly and hygienically. The food sold outside, sometimes rice is not scoured. The nearby second-hand clothing store will basically not go. In any case, it is necessary to eat and wear, and there is no money to find a way. "

Losing a wife in middle age, being unemployed for three months, and losing social security payments all seem unbearable for a middle-aged person. However, Gou Zaihu, who has experienced these things, just tells his feelings without ups and downs: "It’s hard, and life has to pass. Take it one step at a time, it’s boring to think too much, and it doesn’t work. "

For the future, Gou Zaihu said that he didn’t think so much. "I am still doing well at this age, and it is unrealistic to go back. The salary of three or four thousand in my hometown can’t even support my children. The problem of children’s school status can only be solved later. Now there is a job to do, no matter how much money it is. Since the end of last year, the owner of a construction unit has owed me and the nearby workers a total salary of more than 200,000 yuan, and now I can’t contact others. At present, I am thinking about the end of the epidemic and trying to go to court to apply for labor arbitration and get back my hard-earned money. "

Gou is talking nonsense. His 9-year-old son is his whole hope for work and life. In fact, he also has an eldest son in his twenties, but he rarely talks about it to outsiders. "The eldest son dropped out of school to work in the second grade of junior high school and was disobedient. We want to study without money, but he has the conditions not to study, and I can’t help it. I don’t expect anything from him, just take care of your own life. "

After the conversation, my youngest son’s mobile phone, which had been lying in bed brushing videos for nearly an hour, was taken back by Gou Zaihu again, with a sentence "Write your homework quickly and stop playing".

Idle down

5 yuan with a cap, 15 yuan with shoes, 12 yuan with a coat, and 10 yuan with jeans, all of which were spent by 56-year-old Xu Liangyuan on new clothes two days ago.

He said: "They are all cheap second-hand goods. Always wearing work clothes looks messy, and sometimes some people will say that you are too sloppy and lazy. Second-hand clothing stores are cheap and have many choices, and they can also decorate face. We don’t waste much, and we don’t have any money to waste. "

After losing his job, Xu Liangyuan, who can’t shop online or brush videos, can only wander around Pi Village every day. Unlike the villagers who work on the construction site, Xu Liangyuan smokes, drinks, plays poker and mahjong. I just play chess, play table tennis, find someone to chat blindly, and sleep for a day when I am bored.

In the past 28 years, Xu Liangyuan has been working outside the home. In 1994, at the age of 28, he went to work in Guangdong from Xiaogan, Hubei, and then moved to Dongguan, Tianjin and other cities.

28-year-old migrant worker Xu Liangyuan

When working on the construction site in Dongguan, it often happens that people are injured by smashing and falling. Xu Liangyuan’s wife was helping the kitchen wash dishes in the restaurant, because the restaurant business was better and she often worked overtime. Coupled with the heat in Guangdong in summer, the couple spread a mat on the ground, poured a layer of water on it, and then turned on the fan to blow it all night. For a long time, my wife fell ill with rheumatism and osteopathy. At the beginning of 2003, my wife began to rest at home because of illness.

In April 2003, Xu Liangyuan’s construction site in Tianjin was dissolved due to the SARS epidemic. Bearing the pressure that his lover needed money to treat his illness and his children went to school, he dared not go back to his hometown and eventually moved to Dawangjing Village in Beijing. At that time, just as Dawangjing Village was transformed into Dawangjing Business District, the demolition of old houses and the construction of new buildings provided a large number of employment opportunities for migrant workers.

Because it is next to Wangjing, the business of renting houses nearby is very hot, and Xu Liangyuan is responsible for helping private bosses with the work of building walls, plastering, installing doors and windows, and so on. The salary is 45 yuan/day, which is beyond my imagination in my hometown. Rent a bungalow covered with asbestos tiles, 120 yuan a month. The only worry was that at that time, the management of foreign population was strict, and temporary residence permits were often checked. Xu Liangyuan and his workers went to the river or the vegetable fields to hide in fear.

At the end of 2003, after her health improved, her wife began to drift north with Xu Liang Yuan, and she stayed there for 19 years. During this period, the three children got married separately. However, he still hasn’t stopped drifting north.

In his hometown in Hubei, for people his age, it is far from retirement. He said: "It is even harder to find a job in my hometown, but if you don’t go out to work at home in your fifties, you will be laughed at by the old people in the village, saying that you eat for nothing and you are boring yourself. Anyway, I just can’t stay at home. "

Xu Liangyuan has no plans to rely on his children to provide for his old age. A few years ago, he used his savings to give his eldest son a down payment to buy a house in the county, and his son was responsible for repaying the mortgage, but he still chose to return to his hometown in the village when he returned home for the New Year. Now, his eldest son is engaged in real estate sales in Chaoyang District, Beijing. They are not rented together-the son rents a house with a monthly rent of more than 1,000 yuan, and he rents a bungalow in 400 yuan/month in Pichun. Without air conditioning, heating and electrical appliances, a tricycle can carry all the luggage.

He explained: "I have been working for many years, and I am used to a relatively primitive life, and I don’t bother him. The rented house is not so hot in summer. Just fan it with a cattail fan or go outside for a walk. It is extremely cold in winter, so it is necessary to build three beds and pad three quilts, and the landlord of the electric blanket will not let it be used. The electricity bill is 1.51 yuan, which can save a little. A common cold can’t help me. "

Xu Liangyuan doesn’t communicate much with his family, and he only talks once every week. In recent months, affected by the epidemic, the eldest son can only get a basic salary of more than 3,000 yuan per month, so he offered to borrow money from him to repay the mortgage. "I know that he has a lot of pressure to raise children and repay mortgages. But what can I do to help? In the last two months or so, I have been working for 20 days off and on, and I have no money myself. We can only overcome our own difficulties. "

At the end of 2020, Beipiao returned to his hometown to help his grandson’s wife. Every time he called, he basically asked him for money and talked nonsense. But how can I get money without work? Later, she also asked if she was tired. "

Xu Liangyuan hasn’t planned to go home yet, although he has spent thousands of dollars. "The old-age insurance in his hometown is still being paid, but he can’t get 200 yuan money every month after he is 60 years old, and he can’t do anything. Now I want to save more money and go home when I can’t move. "

Shen Jinhua’s dream

At the end of the main commercial street in Pichun is the Tongxin Experimental School, a school for migrant children that has been in operation for fifteen years. In the autumn of 2020, the school was forced to close down due to various factors.

In the first half of 2020, due to the impact of the epidemic, the school never ushered in the resumption of classes. At that time, the problem of student drain became very difficult. By the end of 2019, there were about 180 students in six grades of primary school and more than 40 students in kindergartens. In the first half of 2020, when online classes were started and tuition fees were collected, news of students dropping out of school came one after another. When the fall semester begins in the second half of 2020, the school found that only 80 children were willing to come back.

In August 2020, the principal of the school, Shen Jinhua, and other teachers were still preparing for the resumption of classes offline for the remaining 80 students. "At that time, we had not received any notice of closure, and we had been preparing for the resumption of classes in the autumn semester, including the renovation of the bathroom. On the evening of August 29th, the Education Commission also informed us that we would have an inspection the next day. On August 30th, the Education Commission suddenly held an emergency meeting to inform us that students from another migrant children’s school in Pi Village would be diverted to a school in Ligezhuang. Tongxin Experimental Primary School, which has been in operation for 15 years, has come to an end. "

Picun Tongxin experimental school gate

As the principal of the school, Shen Jinhua is still trying to build his own community education experimental field on the original site of the school. She said: "The epidemic has accelerated the progress of our withdrawal from the long river of history, and we have been lost and confused. But I believe this will be the beginning of a new opportunity. "

In 2005, Shen Jinhua, who just graduated from college, and the volunteers who are also the workers’ homes in Beijing jointly founded the Picun Tongxin Experimental School, which is the principal of the school. The enrollment of the school is mainly for the children of migrant workers in Picun. At the peak, the number of students in the school reached 800, but since 2013, the number of students has gone from bad to worse.

Shen Jinhua said: "In the second half of 2013, the whole country began to unify electronic student status. If the children of migrant workers in Beipiao don’t go to school in their hometown, they may not be able to apply for electronic student status, which will determine whether their children can take the senior high school entrance examination, and our schools for migrant children can’t apply for electronic student status in Beijing. In the end, it forced many students to return; In 2018, the function of relieving non-capital was also greatly affected. Kitchenware and plexiglass factories near Pichun were moved to Hebei, Tianjin and other places. Now there are basically no factories near Pichun. When employment opportunities move out, many parents take their children back to their hometown to go to school. At that time, some school teachers chose to leave with their families because the factory where Mr. Wang was employed moved out. "

The operation of Tongxin Experimental Primary School has always been in a "grey zone". When the school was founded in 2005, Shen Jinhua applied for a school license, but it was rejected at that time and has not been passed since.

Shen Jinhua introduced that as early as 2010, a section chief of the discipline run by local social forces once called a meeting of the principals of nearby migrant children’s schools, and mentioned that Beijing should apply to become a world-class city, even for migrant children’s schools that already have school licenses, they should be prepared not to renew their licenses after they expire. The latest deadline for school closure will be 2020. It was also at that time that Shen Jinhua knew that the moment of shutdown would come.

According to the data provided by Shen Jinhua, from 2005 to 2020, the number of migrant children’s schools in Beijing dropped from more than 500 to less than 100.

When the shutdown really came, she still had a lot to give up. "In the face of sudden shutdown, teachers need to deal with parting emotions and job changes. After helping children to adapt to the new school environment in 2020, three of the five teachers left for training institutions or kindergartens. "

What should we do next? Some people persuaded her to be a nursery institution in the air, while others persuaded her to dissolve directly in the same place and make their own living.

Previously, Tongxin Experimental Primary School mainly played two roles, one was to provide basic education, and the other was to provide venues and manpower for weekend public welfare activities and free community education courses. The two costs are basically borne by students’ tuition fees.

Shen Jinhua said: "Without the basic education, it means that all the public welfare courses will have no source of funds. As a non-profit organization, we want to continue to do education, and we also have many external social resources and teachers who are willing to go on together. At that time, the pressure was really great and I didn’t know how to reposition my role. "

In 2021, Shen Jinhua began to explore extending the weekend community education courses to every day to form a child-friendly community public welfare education space. School teachers and regular volunteers provided cooking, book reading, design thinking and other courses for children after school or on weekends. All costs are covered by the membership fee system and public welfare donations. "There are two main types of parents who come to sign up for the course. First, they think that the course is rich and can exercise and improve their children; Secondly, parents have no time to take care of their children at all, hoping that their children will have a safe place to play and study. "

Shen Jinhua admits that such a community education model is still under exploration. Because of repeated epidemics, course activities have been interrupted many times, but manpower and venue rent have always been needed.

"Now there are more than 20 regular courses, which is far from covering all basic operating costs. We can only gradually persuade more parents to participate and strive for more public welfare donations. In fact, our remaining funds can only be maintained until August this year, "Shen Jinhua said.

In her vision, in the future mature community education space, Picun children and their parents can participate. "Through low-cost service, the education space can not only achieve continuous operation, but also reduce the dependence on public fundraising. Even if there are financial concerns, parents can exchange various courses and venue services through voluntary activities. In the end, the relationship between people in Picun will be closer and more active. "

At five o’clock on the afternoon of May 18th, the quiet Pi Village became lively again-people in twos and threes poured out of the rented house and came to the main street through the narrow lane. The chef of the snack bar began to stir the wok, and the owner of the fruit and vegetable shop was busy bagging and weighing. The smell of various foods, the smell of people’s sweat and the sound of conversation are mixed together for a while. Life, everything seems to have returned to three years ago.

After watching the headlines | Save the property market: Come back soon.

Overrated cars going to the countryside: to heal the trauma of the auto market, we can’t just focus on sales and ignore side effects.

"act decisively and use it up", and the macro policy in the window period should be bolder.

Original title: "North drifters trapped in Pi Village: Under the epidemic situation, migrant workers have no site work"

Read the original text

　　Xinhua News Agency, Tokyo, June 28th

　　Xinhua News Agency reporter Shen Honghui

　　The joint working group on the revision of the "Three Principles of Defence Equipment Transfer" established by the ruling Coalition of Japan, the Liberal Democratic Party and the Komeito Party, recently held a private meeting to roughly finalize the revision direction.

　　Analysts pointed out that according to the revised plan, Japan’s existing "three principles of defense equipment transfer" and its detailed rules for interpretation will undergo great changes, and even the export restrictions on anti-personnel weapons will be lifted. Behind this change lies the Japanese government’s intention to break through the post-war military restrictions, which will bring unstable factors to regional peace and stability.

　　Brewing is greatly relaxed

　　According to Japanese media reports, the revision directions finalized by the joint working group on the revision of the "Three Principles of Defence Equipment Transfer" at the meeting on the 21st of this month include: the current principles stipulate that weapons can only be exported for the purpose of "benefiting Japan’s national security", and the purpose of "assisting the invaded country" is added to the discussion plan; According to the current principle, Japan can only export five kinds of weapons, such as "rescue" and "transportation", which are mainly logistics types. The seminar plan will add "demining" and "training", or directly abolish the classification and completely lift the ban on the export of weapons including anti-personnel weapons; The current principle prohibits the transfer of equipment jointly developed by Japan and other countries to a third party, and the seminar proposes to relax this ban.

　　After World War II, Japan promulgated the "Three Principles of Arms Export", which prohibited arms export. In recent years, Japan has repeatedly broken through the original restrictions. In 2014, during the reign of former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, the "Three Principles of Defence Equipment Transfer" was introduced to replace the original "Three Principles of Arms Export", which greatly relaxed Japan’s restrictions on exporting armaments and technologies for decades.

　　In December last year, the government led by Prime Minister kishida fumio issued a new version of the National Security Assurance Strategy and other three security policy documents, clearly proposing to revise the "Three Principles of Defence Equipment Transfer" and its detailed rules to further expand arms exports. In April this year, the Liberal Democratic Party and the Komeito Party set up a joint working group to conduct several rounds of secret room consultations, and finally formed the above plan.

　　Analysts pointed out that although this revision plan is still under discussion, Japan’s policy trend of substantially relaxing arms exports has been determined.

　　Seek military loosening

　　Restricting arms exports is the core policy principle of Japan’s pacifist constitutional concept. At the end of last year, the new version of the third document on security policy completely abandoned the principle of "defending exclusively". This seminar has once again confirmed that Japan wants to break through the post-war military taboos.

　　Analysts pointed out that expanding arms exports is an important tool for the Kishida government to achieve the so-called "military normalization" goal. The kishida government created the OSA project, which includes the budget of about 2 billion yen this year to assist the military construction of the Philippines and other four countries. OSA should be carried out according to the "three principles of defense equipment transfer". A substantial relaxation of the three principles will eliminate the obstacles faced by the Kishida government in implementing OSA.

　　In fact, the specific cases exposed by the Japanese media related to the relaxation of arms exports all reflect the strong military objectives of the Japanese government. For example, lifting the ban on exporting weapons to the "invaded country" means considering exporting lethal weapons to Ukraine in exchange for NATO’s "entry into Asia" by expanding aid to Ukraine.

　　In addition, the Japanese government hopes to boost its military industry by relaxing restrictions on the transfer of weapons and equipment. Due to export restrictions, Japan’s military industry can’t enjoy the international military market dividend, and it has been in trouble in recent years. Japan has decided to jointly develop a new generation of fighters with Britain and Italy, and relaxing the arms export standards is intended to serve such projects.

　　Arouse widespread opposition

　　Although the joint working group on the revision of the "Three Principles of Defence Equipment Transfer" is composed of the Liberal Democratic Party and the Komeito Party, the Liberal Democratic Party has pushed for the expansion of arms exports, causing concern among the ruling ally Komeito Party. Natsuo Yamaguchi, a representative of Komeito Party, said that the Japanese people don’t want to see weapons made in Japan being used to kill people, and hope that the Joint Working Group will pay attention to this public opinion.

　　There are also many opposition voices in Japanese society. Aoi Weifan, a professor at Japan Academy University, said that the Japanese Constitution renounces war and pursues pacifism, and Japanese public opinion will never condone the use of Japanese-made weapons for killing people. Recently, some people claimed that the export of "weapons of mass destruction has not been banned". This statement can appear because the whole policy revision process is a secret room negotiation without consideration by Congress. This practice of modifying and explaining the export of anti-personnel weapons by cleverness is absolutely unacceptable.

　　In an editorial, Japan’s Asahi Shimbun pointed out that if weapons of destruction are provided, it will not only violate the principle of pacifism, but also have a wide impact and aggravate regional tensions. Red Flag, an organ newspaper of Japanese communist party, commented that promoting and expanding arms exports is a part of the Kishida government’s efforts to build a military country, and this dangerous plot cannot be allowed to succeed.

"On the original private teachers and original substitute teachers to issue subsidies for living difficulties" has been approved by the provincial people’s government, and are hereby printed and distributed to you, please conscientiously implement it according to the actual situation.

Education Department of Guangdong　　　　 Guangdong Provincial Finance Department

　

guangdong provincial department of human resources and social security　　 Guangdong Provincial Health and Wellness Committee

2018yeartwelvemoon21sun

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

About the original private teachers and original substitute teachers.

Work plan of living hardship allowance

　

The former private teachers and the former substitute teachers (hereinafter referred to as the former private substitute teachers) are important components of the primary and secondary school teachers formed under specific historical conditions. Under very difficult conditions, they are loyal to the party’s education and conscientiously serve the people’s education, making positive contributions to the development of basic education in our province. In order to implement the relevant deployment requirements of the provincial party Committee and the provincial government,Properly solve the life difficulties of the original private substitute teachers,Combined with the reality of our province,Put forward the following scheme.

I. Work objectives

In view of the actual situation of the original private substitute teachers in our province, to meet the requirements of men over the age of60One-year-old, female55One-year-old former private substitute teachers give subsidies for living difficulties.

Second, the basic principles

(a) adhere to the principle of compliance with the law.According to the relevant laws, regulations, rules and policies, make clear the scope, conditions, working procedures and requirements of the recipients of living difficulties subsidies..

(2) Adhere to the principle of problem orientation.In view of the problems of the original private substitute teachers,Grant subsidies for living difficulties to qualified original private substitute teachers..

(three) adhere to the principle of convergence with the original policy.The policy measures are connected with the previous policies of our province to solve the original private substitute teachers.

(four) adhere to the principle of territoriality.Province to formulate a unified policy, the specific implementation work in accordance with the“Territorial dominance"In principle, the municipal and county people’s governments shall be responsible.

(5) Adhere to the principle of only decreasing without increasing.On the basis of the self-examination and audit of the original private substitute teachers, the list of the original private substitute teachers and the total number of personnel will be solidified, and according to the natural attrition of personnel, it will only be reduced rather than increased.

Third, the object of subsidy payment

The following persons are not included in the scope of payment of subsidies for living difficulties:

1.The original private teachers who are included in the plan to leave their posts and retire;

3.Persons with criminal records and those who have been dismissed, dismissed or terminated their employment contracts due to violation of national laws, regulations, rules and policies during their teaching.

Meet the conditions of the original private substitute teachers, according to the cumulative teaching term, each2Last semester is regarded asoneYears. The remainder of the total number of working years isoneFor the semester, pressoneAnnual calculation. The working years will not be adjusted after the self-examination and audit of the original private substitute teachers are approved.

Work experience exceeds30Year, monthly subsidy per person.900Yuan; working life20-29Year, monthly subsidy per person.eight hundredYuan; working life10-19Year, monthly subsidy per person.seven hundredYuan; working life1-9In 2000, the municipalities gave appropriate subsidies, the specific standards were formulated by the municipalities, and the required funds were raised by the cities and counties themselves. In the future, the subsidy standard will be dynamically adjusted according to the social and economic development.

Five, the calculation time

(a) in line with the conditions of the original private substitute teachers2017yeartwelvemoon31sunBefore (including)Male over age60One-year-old, female55one full year of lifeYes, from2018yearoneThe allowance for living difficulties is calculated and paid from January, and it will not be reissued in previous years.

(two) in line with the conditions of the original private substitute teachers.2018yearonemoononesunReach after (inclusive)Male over age60One-year-old, female55one full year of lifeYes, fromMale over age60One-year-old, female55one full year of lifeStarting from next month, the subsidy for living difficulties will be distributed.

(three) living difficulties subsidies to meet the conditions of the original private substitute teacher died in the month.

Shantou City, Shaoguan City, Heyuan City, Meizhou City, Huizhou City, Shanwei City, Yangjiang City, Zhanjiang City, Maoming City, Zhaoqing City, Qingyuan City, Chaozhou City, Jieyang City, Yunfu City, and enping city City, Kaiping City and Taishan City of Jiangmen City, by provinces and cities.5:5The proportion of grading burden required funds. The funds needed in other areas shall be borne by the local government, and the proportion of cities and counties shall be determined by the local municipal people’s government.

The distribution methods and channels of subsidies for the living difficulties of qualified former private substitute teachers shall be determined by the people’s governments of counties (cities, districts).

VII. Working Procedures

(1) Application.The qualified original private substitute teacher himself applies at the current domicile. Villages and towns (streets) should designate special departments and special personnel to handle them. According to Guangdong teachers [2016〕11No. and Guangdong teacher [2017〕sixSelf-examination and audit of the original private substitute teachers, and notice that the male has reached the age of one year.60One-year-old, female55One-year-old local registered original private substitute teachers, holding their ID cards and household registration books and other valid documents, receive and fill out the application form for subsidies for living difficulties of original private substitute teachers in Guangdong Province in triplicate (hereinafter referred to as the "application form", annex)one）。 All localities should2019yearonemoon31the other dayNotify a man that he has reached the age of 1860One-year-old, female55One full year of life (the deadline for age calculation is2018yeartwelvemoon31sun) of the original private substitute teachers to complete the first personal application, and thereafter every year.threemoon31Notice the current year a few days agoMale over age60One-year-old, female55one full year of lifeThe original private substitute teacher completed the personal application.

(2) preliminary examination.Township (street) after receiving the "application form" and related materials, infiveConduct a preliminary examination of whether the applicant meets the requirements within working days, and report the list of personnel and the Application Form passed in the preliminary examination to the education department of the county-level or prefecture-level city without districts. Towns (streets) should be in2019year2moon28the other dayComplete the first trial, and then every year.fourmoon15The preliminary examination was completed a few days ago.

(3) review.The education department of a prefecture-level city at the county level or not divided into districts shall, after receiving the list of the first-instance personnel of a township (street), examine whether the applicant meets the subsidy conditions, working years, subsidy standards, subsidy amount, etc. jointly with the departments of finance, human society and health care, and put forward the examination opinions. Education, finance, human society, health and other departments of prefecture-level cities at the county level or without districts should2019yearthreemoon15the other dayComplete the first audit, and then every yearfourmoon30The audit was completed a few days ago and the audit opinions were put forward.

(4) publicity.The departments of education, finance, human society, health and health of prefecture-level cities at county level or not divided into districts shall post the list of approved personnel in the education departments of prefecture-level cities at county level or not divided into districts, township central schools (institutions exercising the functions of township education management) and village committees.fiveWorking days, at the same time in the county or prefecture-level city government portal publicity.fiveWorking days, widely accepted social supervision. Education, finance, human society, health and other departments of prefecture-level cities at the county level or without districts should2019yearthreemoon31the other dayComplete the publicity, and thereafter every year.fivemoon15A few days ago, the publicity of all those who met the subsidy conditions in that year was completed.

(5) confirmation.After publicity without objection, the education, finance, human society, health and other departments of county-level or prefecture-level cities without districts will confirm the list of personnel and establish and improve the annual "____County (city, district) original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidy object list "____County (city, district) original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidy object increase or decrease table "and"____Counties (cities, districts) of the original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidies for the number of objects summary table "(Annex2、three、four), at the same timefiveWithin working days, submit the form stamped and confirmed by the relevant departments to the municipal education, finance, human society and health departments for review.

(6)Review.Municipal education, finance, human society, health and health departments to review, summarize and archive the relevant materials submitted by various departments at the county level, and fill in the "____Summary of the number of recipients of subsidies for the living difficulties of the original private substitute teachers in the city (annexfive), and report to the Provincial Department of Education, the Provincial Department of Finance, the Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security, and the Provincial Health and Wellness Committee for the record.

(7) disbursement.The provincial and municipal finance departments shall, according to the situation of qualified original private substitute teachers, subsidy standards and sharing ratio after review, reach the county-level finance under the required subsidy funds, and the county-level finance department shall be responsible for timely allocating the provincial, municipal and county subsidy funds to the issuing units. All localities should complete the allocation within one month after the provincial and municipal finance issues funds every year.

(8) distribution.After receiving the subsidy funds, each distributing unit will promptly distribute the subsidy funds for living difficulties directly to the qualified personal accounts of the original private substitute teachers. Each distribution unit shall complete the distribution work within one month after receiving the subsidy funds every year.

All relevant departments should strictly control. The education department is responsible for the examination and review of the applicant’s identity and working years, and the education, finance, human society, health and health departments jointly examine and review whether they meet the subsidy conditions, subsidy standards and subsidy amount. The township (street) is responsible for the application and preliminary examination of the original private substitute teachers.

In order to avoid the change of the object of payment of living difficulties subsidies or the fraudulent use of subsidies by others after death, all localities should establish a qualification examination mechanism for receiving living difficulties subsidies, and check the relevant situation of recipients through various effective ways such as on-site qualification examination, comparison with household registration information of public security departments, enrollment information of social insurance agencies, and population information of health and health departments.

Eight,job requirement

(1) Strengthen organizational leadership.Local people’s governments at all levels should attach great importance to it, do a good job in this work from the overall situation of maintaining social stability, coordinate and lead the education, finance, human society, health and other departments to strengthen organization and implementation, closely cooperate and promote in coordination, and earnestly implement the concern of the provincial party Committee and the provincial government for the vast number of former private substitute teachers. While implementing the subsidies for the living difficulties of qualified former private substitute teachers, all localities and cities should make overall consideration of the protection of the treatment of former private teachers who have left their posts and retired, and adjust their relevant treatment standards appropriately according to the level of economic and social development in the region.

(two) the implementation of work responsibilities.The education department should strengthen the examination and confirmation of the identity and working years of the original private substitute teachers to ensure that the qualified original private substitute teachers are true and accurate; The financial department should do a good job in the accounting and financing of subsidy funds, and timely allocate subsidy funds in place; The human resources and social security departments and their social security agencies should provide the insured status of personnel in a timely manner; The health department should strengthen the audit of the implementation of family planning by the original private substitute teachers; Supervision, auditing, maintaining stability, online information, letters and visits, public security, national security and other relevant departments should cooperate with each other to ensure the smooth implementation of the work. Municipalities should promptly formulate working years below.10Subsidy standards and work plans for people under years old; City, county (city, district) to raise funds needed for the payment of difficult subsidies in a timely manner; Villages and towns (streets) should be equipped with principled, familiar with policies and serious and responsible staff, and timely complete the preliminary examination of local qualified original private substitute teachers.

(3) Timely distribution in place.The people’s governments of counties (cities, districts) or prefecture-level cities not divided into districts shall, in accordance with the requirements, formulate payment methods in a timely manner, refine and clarify the payment methods, distribution channels, distribution units, payment requirements, etc., and ensure that the subsidy funds for living difficulties are paid in full and on time to the qualified original private substitute teachers.

(4) Strengthen fund management.Departments of finance, education, human society and health care at all levels should standardize capital expenditure procedures in accordance with relevant national and provincial laws, regulations and systems, strengthen supervision and inspection on the management and use of funds, establish an accountability mechanism for fund tracking, and ensure earmarking. The Provincial Department of Education, the Provincial Department of Finance, the Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security, and the Provincial Health and Wellness Committee will conduct irregular spot checks on the management and use of funds in various places.

(5) Strict policy discipline.all/different levelsplaceThe government and relevant departments should strictly follow the relevant policy requirements, standardize operations and strengthen supervision. For those who cheat the subsidy funds by falsely claiming, practicing fraud, engaging in malpractices for selfish ends, once verified, they will be disqualified from enjoying the subsidy for living difficulties, and the relevant subsidy funds will be recovered. At the same time, the responsibility of the responsible person will be seriously investigated in accordance with the relevant provisions; Anyone suspected of violating the law and discipline shall be handed over to the relevant authorities for investigation and punishment according to the law.

(6)Ensure social stability.City, county (city, district) people’s government is the main body responsible for the implementation of the original private substitute teachers in our province to pay subsidies for living difficulties and ensure the stability of the original private teachers. “Territorial management and hierarchical responsibility"and“Who is in charge and who is in charge?"The principle of establishing a hierarchical responsibility system for maintaining stability, so as to grasp the first level and be responsible for the first level, consolidate the responsibility of maintaining stability at the grassroots level, formulate and improve the work plan, establish an emergency response mechanism, and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability.

This "Work Plan" is from2019yearonemoon21RiqiImplementation, effective as of the date of implementationfiveYears.

　

Attachment:1.Application Form for Subsidy for Living Difficulties of Former Private Substitute Teachers in Guangdong Province

　　　　2.____County (city, district) original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidies.List of distribution targets

3.____County (city, district) original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidies.Table of Increase and Decrease of Distribution Objects

4.____County (city, district) original private substitute teachers living difficulties subsidies.Summary of the number of distribution targets

5.____The original private substitute teachers in the city are granted subsidies for living difficulties.Summary of number of people

　　People’s Daily Online, Beijing, July 5 (Reporter Sun Hongli) According to the news from official website, National Medical Products Administration, the 2021 Drug Review Report shows that the breakthrough therapeutic drug procedures, conditional approval procedures, priority review and approval procedures, and special approval procedures, and four "fast tracks" help accelerate drug research and development and listing. In addition, in 2021, a historic breakthrough was made in the registration and evaluation of innovative drugs.

　　A batch of drugs urgently needed in clinic entered the "fast track"

　　In 2021, a number of drugs urgently needed in clinic entered the "fast track".

　　The 2021 Annual Drug Review Report showed that 53 applications (41 varieties) were included in the breakthrough therapeutic drug program, covering diseases caused by infection in novel coronavirus, non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer and other indications. 115 applications for registration (69 varieties) were included in the priority review and approval procedures, including 41 drugs with conditional approval and 34 new varieties, dosage forms and specifications of drugs for children that meet children’s physiological characteristics. In addition, 81 applications for registration included in the special examination and approval procedures were concluded throughout the year, all of which were vaccines and therapeutic drugs from Covid-19.

　　In 2021, 47 innovative drugs were approved.

　　In 2021, 47 innovative drugs were approved, reaching a record high. The 2021 Drug Review Report shows that 1,886 applications for registration of innovative drugs (998 varieties) were accepted in the whole year, up by 76.10% year-on-year; 1,744 applications for registration of innovative drugs (943 varieties) were concluded, with a year-on-year increase of 67.85%. The number of applications for registration of innovative drugs and the number of applications concluded reached a new high in nearly five years.

　　National Medical Products Administration said that the refreshing of the data for the registration and review of innovative drugs reflected the continuous deepening of the reform of the drug review and approval system, encouraged the continuous overweight of the innovation policy dividend, and further improved the review ability and efficiency. In 2021, the number of drug registration applications accepted and concluded increased by 13.79% and 19.55% year-on-year, and the overall time-limited conclusion rate reached 98.93%. Moreover, the time-limited conclusion rate of new drug listing permit applications and registration applications included in priority review and approval procedures exceeded 90%, which made a historic breakthrough and accelerated the listing of new drugs and good drugs.

　　Continue to deepen the reform of drug review and approval system

　　National Medical Products Administration pointed out that with the globalization of new drug R&D and innovation increasing, "global new" drugs such as new mechanisms and new targets are gradually increasing, and the challenges and pressures of innovative products on evaluation ability have become increasingly prominent.

　　In 2022, National Medical Products Administration will continue to deepen the reform of the drug review and approval system, support and encourage enterprises to innovate in new technologies, new targets and new mechanisms of modern medicine, and promote the solution of the "stuck neck" problem of industrial innovation and development; Insist on encouraging clinical value-oriented research and development innovation of new and good drugs, drugs for rare diseases, drugs for major infectious diseases, and drugs urgently needed in public health; Refine and optimize the approval procedures for breakthrough therapeutic drugs, conditional approval and priority review, and promote the high-quality development of drugs; Support the research and innovation of children’s medication to meet clinical needs, and improve the safety and accessibility of children’s medication.

　　Chinese characters have a history of about 5,000 years since their origin. For thousands of years, Chinese characters have been developing and changing. The constant and uninterrupted evolution has caused great physical differences between Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty and today’s regular script Chinese characters. In the meantime, it can be divided into two major stages: ancient Chinese characters and modern Chinese characters.

　　In terms of time, the stage of ancient Chinese characters includes Shang Dynasty characters, Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Characters, Six Kingdoms characters and Qin Dynasty characters. At present, the large-scale systematic Oracle Bone Inscriptions we see belongs to the late Shang Dynasty, and it is a kind of writing carved on tortoise shells and animal bones. Due to the limitation of writing tools, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is mostly a thin pen with square folds, but seldom a fat pen with round turns. Oracle Bone Inscriptions’s pictographic composition is not only heavy, but also the structure is not fixed, showing great randomness and flexibility in specific writing. The bronze inscriptions in the early Western Zhou Dynasty also followed the style of bronze inscriptions in the late Shang Dynasty, and then gradually tended to be neat and square. The obvious change was that the curved thick brush was replaced by straight lines. During the Spring and Autumn Period, inscriptions on bronze in various regions gradually formed their own writing characteristics, and artistic fonts with bird-shaped and insect-shaped decorations appeared in inscriptions on bronze in some areas in the East and South. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are the transitional period from slavery to feudalism in our society. The society in China has undergone drastic changes, and the separatist regime of vassals has caused serious abnormal characters among countries and regions. This regional difference of Chinese characters brings a lot of inconvenience to people’s social communication and affects the communication between regions. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he immediately embarked on the reform of "writing with the same language", taking Xiao Zhuan as the unified national writing standard, which made the Chinese characters more regular and symmetrical, and the pictographic degree was further reduced, showing unprecedented stereotypes. Although the strokes of Xiao zhuan are round and beautiful, it is extremely inconvenient to write, so people change the strokes into square folds in practical use and transform the glyphs appropriately.Gradually formed a simple and easy to write new font-Qin Li. Its appearance laid the foundation for the emergence of han li, which is an important transitional stage from ancient Chinese characters to modern Chinese characters.

　　Today’s characters are the Chinese characters in the official script stage, which have continued from Han Dynasty to modern times. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the characters inherited the Qin system, and the structure of Qin Li was gradually simplified, the lines were gradually symmetrical, and the brushwork was gradually regular, which gradually formed the han li. Official script is the main popular font in the Han Dynasty, which is used in solemn occasions, while cursive script is often used in people’s drafting documents and communication. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, running script was formed on the basis of official script and cursive script, and regular script was produced on the basis of running script around the time of Han and Wei Dynasties. After about 200 years in Wei and Jin Dynasties, regular script finally determined its dominant position, and running script also evolved into a font between regular script and cursive script. Running script is fast and not as illegible as cursive script, so it has high practical value. At the same time, cursive script is more simplified and difficult to identify. After the Tang Dynasty, it has completely become a kind of art for appreciation.

　　The evolution of Chinese characters from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to modern regular script, from ancient script to modern script, and the internal changes of ancient and modern scripts can sum up several obvious evolution laws: simplification, phoneticization and standardization.

　　Simplification is the most obvious law in the development and evolution of Chinese characters. Either because of the improvement of writing tools (from knife carving, model casting, writing with brush to block printing), or because of the change of writing carrier (from Oracle bones, bronzes, bamboo slips and silks to paper), and because of the nature of Chinese characters as a tool to record Chinese, font simplification is extremely significant among the major stages of Chinese character development. For example, "Ma" has changed from an early pictographic character to a simplified character today: (inscriptions on bronze in Shang dynasty)— (Oracle Bone Inscriptions)— (Western Zhou Dynasty inscriptions)— (Chunqiu Jinwen)— (Warring States script)— (Xiao Zhuan)-Horse-Horse, it is extremely intuitive that drawings gradually become lines, pictographs gradually weaken and disappear, and strokes become less and less convenient to write. In fact, within each stage of the development of Chinese characters, simplification is also commonplace. For example, Oracle Bone Inscriptions’s word "che" has 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 Different forms such as complexity and simplicity; The same is true of Jinwen. ：、、、、、、、、, It can be seen that some are extremely pictographic (two wheels, carriages, shafts, shafts and yokes are faithfully described), and some are almost the same as today’s traditional Chinese characters. After Chinese characters entered the regular script stage, although the font has not changed greatly, the simplification of the font has not stopped, and on many occasions, vulgar style and simplification have become popular. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the simplification of Chinese characters was guided by the situation in accordance with the simplification law of Chinese characters. Many simplified characters were used in previous dynasties, and the simplification methods used (such as using ancient styles: from → from, courtesy → ceremony; Local generation of the whole: fly → fly, sound → sound; Changing the simple phonetic symbols: state → state, catfish → turtle, and Jing → Jing) has basically been used throughout the ages.

　　However, Chinese characters are not as simple as possible. Whether the ideographic meaning is clear and whether there is enough difference between glyphs is a sign of whether the symbols of this recording language are easy to use or not. Therefore, there are quite a few complicated phenomena in the general trend of Chinese characters’ development and evolution, including the increase in the number of strokes of individual Chinese characters and the increase in the number of Chinese characters in general. It is well known that the number of characters has increased over the ages, but the increase of the number of strokes in a single word is more complicated. The vast majority of the word multiplication is to add components for the expression needs of "words have special words, and words substitute special words", such as — (its)- (dustpan), -Shu-Qin, Giant-Moment-Yi, -I am-I am; Some add strokes or change writing methods in order to distinguish confusing words, such as month ( )-meat ( )-Angle ( 、 )—个 ( )。 Although this kind of simplification apparently increases the burden of writing, it is necessary, so it has been preserved to this day. Some simplifications don’t just add decorative strokes or components for the sake of improving the ideographic needs, such as "writing with". 、 、 ",it is temporary, and most of them are short-lived, so they are basically eliminated.

　　The relationship between the complexity and simplicity of Chinese characters is dialectical. We should properly handle the relationship between them when formulating Chinese character policies and norms, and find the best combination point between the convenience of writing and the convenience of use. As Mr. Cheng Xianghui, a linguist in Macao, said: "Chinese characters can be simplified and should be simplified, but they cannot be simplified endlessly, and they should not be simplified for the sake of simplicity, thinking that it is easy to master without a stroke." We have also learned a lesson in this respect. The simplified characters in the Second Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (Draft), published in 1977 and abolished in 1986, actually failed to deal with the relationship between simplification and complexity of Chinese characters and blindly pursued the simplification of strokes, which was not convenient to use.

　　The so-called phoneticization means that the proportion of pictophonetic characters is increasing, and a large number of non-pictophonetic characters are transformed into pictophonetic characters. Among all kinds of Chinese characters, pictophonetic characters have the strongest productivity and adaptability to Chinese, so they develop fastest. In the early ancient Chinese characters, pictographs and knowing words accounted for a large proportion. However, these words are often used to express meanings that are far away or irrelevant to their original meanings, such as (Yi) originally meant "water overflows from the vessel" (this meaning was later added with water as "overflow"), which was extended to "benefit, benefit" and other meanings; (Zi) is like "the shape of the nose" (this meaning is followed by the sound of "nose"), which is borrowed as a preposition and a first-person pronoun. Extension and borrowing are both very common and necessary in the use of Chinese characters (many characters are invisible, and borrowing makes up for the poor creation of pictographs). In all Oracle bone inscriptions, loanwords account for about 70%), but too many homonyms, one word with several functions, are bound to cause confusion. Driven by the clarity of Chinese characters’ meanings, most of these words are later added with phonetic symbols or phonetic symbols and become pictophonetic characters (the complexity mentioned above is an important source of pictophonetic characters). Pictophonetic characters came into being in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and developed rapidly in the Warring States Period (according to the laws of pictophonetic characters, a large number of non-pictophonetic characters were transformed into pictophonetic characters, and pictophonetic characters were directly combined with phonetic symbols and meaning symbols), and today they have completely occupied the main body. It accounts for more than 20% of all Chinese characters in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, 50% in inscriptions on bronze, 80% in Xiao Zhuan, and more than 90% today. The trend of phoneticization is extremely obvious, which also marks the gradual maturity of the Chinese character configuration system.

　　If simplification and phoneticization are spontaneous and implicit laws in the evolution of Chinese characters, standardization is intentional and artificial adjustment by users. Although the evolution trend of Chinese characters is very clear, the specific evolution process is extremely complicated. There are many variants and constant errors, which are not conducive to the effective play of Chinese characters in social communication. Therefore, scholars and governments in past dynasties have attached great importance to the standardization and unification of Chinese characters. Oracle Bone Inscriptions’s heteromorphism is extremely complicated, and some of its radicals are not fixed, such as "Zi" which can be written. 、 、 The position of the cow is different; Can also be used 、 、 (changing the ideograph to tapir, sheep or tiger); Some parts are different in complexity, such as "teeth" 、 、 、 、 , "Fu" can be used. 、 、 Wait. The variety of variants and the randomness of writing are very unfavorable to social communication and the implementation of national policies, so the rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty took measures to standardize the writing. "Zhou Li Chun Guan" records that "the title of the book is in the four directions", and "the title" refers to the words, which is probably the work of unifying the national characters. When he was in Zhou Xuanwang, he also ordered Taishi to write Shi Shuan Pian to standardize Tongmeng characters. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he successfully carried out the work of "writing in the same language", abolished the variant forms that were inconsistent with Qin Wen, and basically ended the phenomenon of "abnormal characters" in the Warring States period; The Final Edition of Five Classics, written by Yan Shigu by Emperor Taizong, the Phonology and Meaning of Kaiyuan Characters, promulgated by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, and the Ganlu Zishu by scholar Yan Yuansun, etc., have played an important role in the unification of regular script fonts. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the state has actively carried out large-scale Chinese character sorting and standardization, focusing on simplifying glyphs and simplifying variants.

　　Historical experience tells us that the standardization of Chinese characters is not only a necessary language work, but also a national plan. Because Chinese characters often change, new changes will occur after each standardization and collation, so the collation is not once and for all, and Chinese characters should be reorganized and standardized at regular intervals.

　　The writing of this article refers to Wang Fengyang’s Study of Chinese Characters, Zhang Guiguang’s Brief Introduction to Chinese Characters and Dong Kun’s Origin of Chinese Characters in China. Chen Shuangxin, male, born in Wangjiang County, Anhui Province in 1969, is a professor at China Language and Character Standardization Research Center in beijing language and culture university, majoring in ancient Chinese characters and modern Chinese characters. Li Na, female, born in Baoding, Hebei Province in 1982, graduated with a doctorate in Chinese Language and Literature, and is a lecturer at the School of History of Hebei University. He mainly studies ancient philology and pre-Qin archaeology. )

Special topic: the incident of smashing, looting and burning in Lhasa, Tibet

Photos described by Dalai as "China soldiers posing as lamas to stir up riots".

Using this photo to slander "China soldiers pretending to be lamas" is full of flaws.

　　　 On March 29th, the Dalai Lama held a press conference in India, and made a rumor by himself that "China soldiers pretended to be lamas to stir up riots", so as to shirk the responsibility of launching the "March 14th Tibet incident". And there is a lot of evidence that this is another smear of Dalai’s low level that can’t stand scrutiny.

　　　 On this issue, the World Wide Web contacted Ren Yan, a special correspondent of Global Times in India. At that time, the fact was that the Dalai Lama only gave lip service at the press conference and did not produce evidence and photos. Moreover, the general view in India was that China had been committed to the stability of Tibet and could not take the initiative to provoke conflicts. Therefore, the Indian media only mentioned the Dalai Lama’s press conference and did not agree with Dalai’s outrageous slander. In the report, he described Dalai’s nonsense as a "war of words".

　　　 According to the Global Times reporter, the "China soldiers posing as lamas" mentioned by the Dalai Lama came from an online photo, but with a little analysis, it can be found that this photo could not have been taken during the "314 Tibet smashing and looting incident":

　　　 First of all, the picture is not China’s army but the armed police force; Secondly, according to the news of Xinhua News Agency in 2004, from January 1, 2005, the officers and men of the Armed Police Force will wear armbands and chest tags in a unified way, but the armed police soldiers in the photo did not wear armbands and chest tags, indicating that this photo was taken at least before 2005; Another fact is that, according to the news of Tibet Business Daily in October, 2004, from October 13th, 2004, human tricycles in Lhasa will uniformly use blue, red and green curtains with Tibetan characteristics, while the color of the tricycle curtain in the picture is still blue, which shows that the photo can’t be taken after November, 2004.

　　　 这张被达赖集团拿来污蔑“中国军人假扮喇嘛挑起暴动”的照片，非但没有起任何效果，照片本身反而成了揭露达赖集团唯恐西藏不乱真面目的铁证，而达赖言之凿凿的新闻会又成了一场可笑的闹剧。

　　　 正如外交部发言人姜瑜31日就达赖称中国军人“假扮僧侣”一事答记者问时表示，达赖用道听途说的谣言无法改变事件真相，只能证明他心虚气短。 (环球时报?环球网 郝?石)

　　相关链接：